accents are written much in the same places; in the Cambridge MS., they are still scarcer. The component parts of a word are often written a little way apart. This I denote by a hyphen; thus, the words be-foran, ge-fullod are be foran, ge fullod in the MS. The errors of the Corpus MS. are left uncorrected; the various readings will in general point out where they occur. We should, however, particularly note the error boceras, i. e. scribes, for bogas, boughs, in xi. 8. The fact of its occurrence in MSS. A. B. C. as well as in the Corpus text shews quite clearly that all are really from the same source. In the Royal MSS. boceras was first written, but altered to bogas, and hence the scribe of the Hatton MS. was enabled to write boges, correctly. In quoting the various readings, I have strictly followed Mr Kemble's plan, of giving every variation of spelling, with the sole exception of for p, and y for i, which are used interchangeably in all the MSS. It follows that all the MSS. are, for all practical purposes, printed in extenso, and any passage in any of the MSS. (except the imperfect Cotton MS.) can be easily reproduced, with the exception of contractions, and the uncertainty about p or 8, and y or i. Thus in i. 3, the Cambridge MS. should have (judging from the notes) the readingclypigende stefn on pam westene ge-earwia drihtnes weg. do rihte his sidas; whilst the Royal MS. has clepigende stefen on pam westene. ge-garwia drihtnes weg. do rihte his sydas. Left-hand pagés, column 2. The text and marginal notes (written as rubrics in the MS.) are from the Hatton MS.; the various readings from the earlier Royal MS. The chief peculiarities of the Hatton MS. are the introduction of k for c, as in kymd, bokeres, kydde, for the earlier cym, boceras, cydde', and a frequent confusion between the letters d and . These latter are written exactly alike, with the exception of a slight stroke through the upper part of the latter, so that the omission of this stroke turns it into a d. I print it as in the MS.; and hence the form secd for sec, i. 37. In i. 32, we find the reverse change, geworden being written for geworden, and ride for ridde. When the double letter occurs, the stroke is sometimes drawn through one letter only, generally the latter; thus odde is written for odde in vii. 12. The letters p and are used indiscriminately at the beginning of a word, but in the middle or at the end we have, almost always, only. Only one sort of stop, a single point, is used; it is here denoted by a full stop. The accents are very few, as they also are in the Royal MS; we may note them in 1 The letter k appears towards the end of some of the MSS. of the A.S. Chronicle, as, e.g., in the mysterious word kenepas, under the date 1056, in MSS. Cotton Tib. B. 1 and Tib. B. 4. The word karissimum occurs in the Latin text of the Lindisfarne MS., in Mark xii. 6. the foreign words iudecisce, galilee, iudee, and in the native words ansiene, agán, áhof, áþene, sæ, ús, áscaceð, gód, gá, þá. There are a few downright blunders, such as un for ut, iii. 23; witege for wite, v. 29; apfata and manslæge for árfata and mæstlinga, vii. 4; brithmen for britsenum, viii. 8; hyfode for lufode, x. 21; &c. One change of spelling, viz. the substitution of ch for c, was probably due to Norman influence; examples of it are ich for ic, and eches for eces. But the most interesting point about this text is the exact evidence it affords of the manner in which the older inflexions of the language were weakened, thus leading the way to their ultimate total or partial suppression. By comparing it with the older text beside it, we literally see the process of this change going on before our eyes. These weakenings were accomplished by the frequent substitution of the slight vowel e for the more distinct a, o, and u, not only when these vowels occur at the end of a word, but when they occur near the end. Hence we find -an, -as, -að replaced by -en, -es, -ed; -od, -oda, -on by -ed, -ede, -en; and -um weakened, not merely into -em, but into -en. Thus, the suna, lendenu of the earlier text become sune, lendene; sprecan, dagas, fullað, gecostnod, gelufoda, penedon, dagum become likewise sprecen, dages, fulled, gecostned, gelufode, peneden, dagen. We even find e for y, as in gelefed for gelyfað. The adoption of en for an was but the prelude to dropping this final consonant altogether; so that, whilst, in ii. 5, laman becomes lamen, two verses above it is written lame; whilst in ii. 4 we find asende for asendan in the plural. Nothing can be clearer than the gradual process of corruption of the infinitive moods of verbs. In earlier MSS. we find, e.g. singan, to sing; shortly before A.D. 1200, it is singen; soon after that date it became singè, a dissyllable. About A.D. 1400, the necessity of sounding the final -e was but slight; but the word continued to be often written singe for some time after the final -e ceased to be pronounced. In course of time, it was generally rejected as useless, and hence our modern sing. This change took place still earlier in the North, where the common ending of the infinitive, even in early times, was a rather than -an. The text of the Hatton MS. shews us the first step towards many such changes very clearly. It may be compared with the latter part of the A. S. Chronicle, from about A.D. 1120 onwards. The rubrics in the Hatton MS. are nearly all found in the Royal MS. in exactly the same places without variation of spelling. The spelling of the Royal MS. is, in general, of an older character, though here also we sometimes find d for X, as in siwad for siwað, ii. 21. Right-hand pages. The distinguishing feature of the texts here printed (viz. the Lindisfarne text with its gloss above, and the Rushworth gloss without its text below), is that the glosses are in the Northumbrian dialect, and so present a striking contrast to the West-Saxon texts opposite. The Latin text is written with but few contractions, which are denoted by italics wherever they occur, so that spiritus, sanctus, for example, are expansions of sps, scs. We have frequently the very 2 common contraction ihs for ihesus or iesus', and xps for christus, where the x is the Greek X (ch) and the p the Greek P (r). There are a few bad mistakes in the Latin, such as eum for cum in ii. 4, nubimus for nubibus in xiii. 26, terner for tener in xiii. 28, and the like; most of these are noticed in the Appendix, and are not to be regarded as misprints. The letter u (never v) is used throughout; the diphthong a is generally written ae. A few accents occur, the words has, dic, and ne, for example, being written hás, díc, and né; p. 103. There is no punctuation in the Lindisfarne MS. The full stops merely denote the end of a verse, and should, strictly speaking, have been omitted. The glossator generally denotes the contraction er by an upward curl, and m by a straight stroke ; but nearly all the contractions are alike represented by a short wavy stroke, evidently intended to have a vague meaning. Thus the italicised letters in the words capharnaum, uutedlice, beforan, hierusalem, fulwihteres, are all denoted by much the same stroke, and the italic letters are intended to denote this. In the last case, for instance, the word is spelt fulwih, followed by a curl; and if the reader wishes to expand such a word in any other manner, he is of course at liberty to do so2. Near the beginning of the book, I have left the word het as written in the MS., but I have found it better to expand it into hælend, hælende, or hælendes, as required by grammar. This can cause no difficulty. Elsewhere I have left the contraction 7, meaning vel, as written, because it conveniently separates the double glosses. Thus in i. 10, in ipso is interpreted to mean either in dam (in them) or on him, the latter only being correct. Sometimes t is written without being followed by a second gloss (vii. 23). In some words, a small u is written above the line; this is denoted by an italic u. The contraction for and is used throughout. The letter p never occurs, except when used with a stroke through it (†) as a contraction for pat. In a few cases, a d is converted into by an unnecessary stroke through it, as in zebedies for zebedies. Several accents occur over long vowels; these are all printed as in the MS. Some of the foreign names and hard words are left unglossed; and many of the glosses are quite wrong, and exhibit some curious errors. For examples of omissions, see vii. 4. For an example of error, observe the word bifgedon (they trembled) as a translation of fremebant in xiv. 5; the worthy glossator was clearly thinking of tremebant3. In iii. 19, James the son of Alpheus is called 'Jacob the white' (albus). Where the Latin text is wrong, the glossator still carefully follows it; hence the misreading eum for cum in ii. 4 is translated by hine (him). It must be observed also that the gloss being intended to give the sense of each word separately, rather in order that the reader : 1 The latter method of expansion is the better one, for the h really stands for a Greek H (e); I have sometimes inadvertently printed ihesus, but this can hardly mislead a reader. 2 In Mr. Kemble's edition of St. Matthew, no such no tice is given; neither has he always observed the capitals, &c. of the MSS. * See the Lindisfarne and Rushworth Gospels (Surtees Society), ed. G. Waring, part iv. pp. civ-cxviii, where the characteristics of the MSS. are fully described. might understand the Latin than that he might substitute an English version for it, the inflexions are not always adapted to the laws of syntax'. The peculiarities of orthography and inflexion in these glosses have been described fully by Mr Waring2, who shews what are the West-Saxon forms corresponding to the Northumbrian ones. But it may, nevertheless, be convenient to shew here, conversely, what are the Northumbrian forms corresponding to the West-Saxon ones. I consider only the Gospel of St Mark, commencing with ii. 16, where Owun's gloss begins in the Rushworth MS. The chief variations are in the vowels and diphthongs; I omit some of rare occurrence, and take the Lindisfarne MS. (L.) first. Orthography. 1. The West-Saxon (Corpus MS.) a becomes a, o, ea in L. Ex. butan, L. buta, viii. 23; man, L. mon, v. 2; gaful, L. geafel, xii. 14. W.S. á becomes L. a, a. Ex. gaste, L. gast, v. 2; hwam, L. hwam, iv. 30. 2. W.S. œ becomes L. a, ɑe, αɑ, e, oe, oœ, eœ. Ex. wœs, L. wœs; reste-dæges, L. to ræst-daege, ii. 28; sœwd, L. saueð, iv. 14; gærs, L. gers, iv. iv. 28; dæge, L. doeg, vi. 2; cwad, L. cuoæð, x. 5; L. forgeæf, x. 4. W.S. @ becomes L. a, e, œe. Ex. ærest, L. ærist, iv. 28; sæd, L. séd, iv. 27; sæ, L. sœe, vi. 48. 3. W.S. e becomes L. e; α, œ, i. Ex. ofer, L. ofer; welene, L. walana, iv. 19; heofenes, L. heofnæs, iv. 32; crest, L. arist, iv. 28. W. S. é becomes L. e, a, ea, oe. Ex. we, L. eata, vii. 2; secap, L. soeca, iii. 32. 4. W.S. ea becomes L. ea, a, œ, e. Ex. geleafan, L. geleafa, iv. 40; sealde, L. salde, iv. 7, 8; peahtedon, L. Sæhtung hia dedon, iii. 6; eagan, L. ego, viii. 23. 5. W. S. eo becomes L. eo, ea, (for eode) v. 2; leoht, L. leht, iv. 6. W. S. i becomes L. i, W. S. í becomes L. i, æ. 7. W. S. o becomes L. 0, e, io. Ex. corde, L. eordo, iv. 28; L. eade 21; deofol, L. diobles, i. 39. hlafurd (for hlaford) ii. 28. io. Ex. Ex. in; L. genioma (for niman) iii. 27. 8. W. S. u becomes L. u, e, y, oe. Also W. S. w = L. u. Ex. L. uncuð, iii. 10; gaful, L. geafel, xii. 14; asundron, L. syndrige, iv. 34; swustor, L. swoester, iii. 35. L. suæ swa. 9. W. S. y becomes L. y, i, eo, ea, u. W. S. ý becomes L. y, io, e. Ex. scyldig, iii. 29; mycel, L. miclo, iv. 39; sylf, L. seolf, iii. 25; syllanne, L. seallane, xii. 14; sylf, L. sulf, iii. 26. Also L. fyr, ix. 45; ansyne, ¡L. ansione, xii. 14; gehyrað, L. herað, iv. 3. 1 See above, p. xvii. 2 Lindisfarne and Rushworth Gospels (Surtees Society), part iv. pp. cxix-cxxv. We also frequently find in L. the double vowels aa, ee, ii, uu, &c.; as in ingaað, iii. 27; feer-suigo, v. 42; gesiist, v. 31; huu, iv. 13. Observe also the curious forms innueeard, vii. 21; behaald, xii. 41; ongeaegn, xi. 2; neœnig, xii. 34; sæe, vi. 48. As regards the consonants, we find occasionally the following changes. 1. W. S. g sometimes becomes L. c, as in rounc, L. viii. 34, for W. S. þrówung; cf. onfence, vi. 41. Conversely, we sometimes (but rarely) find W. S. c becoming L. g, as in licceterum, L. legerum, vii. 6. At the end of a word, we find in L. both cg and gc, as in rowincg, vi. 48; gebrægc, vi. 41. 2. W. S. c frequently becomes L. h, as in L. ah (passim) for ac. Sometimes also we find in L. ch, as in carchern, vi. 27; michel, iv. 5. 3. The letters d and are frequently interchanged in L.; possibly from their similarity of form, as in the Hatton MS. Ex. dære for Sære, v. 41; mið for mid, v. 18. 4. The letters d and t are also frequently interchanged; as in sexdig for sextig, iv. 8; gemoetat for gemoetad, iv. 19. Cf. gebloedsade, vi. 41. 5. Other peculiarities of MS. L. are the prefixing of an aspirate, as in hræste, iv. 39; hlifige, v. 23; the frequent insertion of r, as in efern for efen, iv. 35; ondreardon for ondredon, v. 15; the insertion of w, as in cwom for com, iii. 20; the insertion of u between w and r, as in wuradia, x. 41; the use of wu for u at the beginning of a word, as in wurnon, vi. 55. We also often find a consonant doubled at the end of a word, as in sibb, v. 34; spræcc, iv. 34; blann, iv. 39; upp, iv. 6; gesætt, iv. 1. But instead of gg we find cg or gc, as in rowincg, vi. 48; gebrægc, vi. 41 (above noted); and instead of tt we find td, as in hwatd for hwætt, iv. 40. Inflexions. The noun-endings in L. are rather anomalous and inconsistent. The most remarkable point is the frequent occurrence of final -o, especially in the nom. and acc. pl., as in suno, iii. 17; wuðuuto, iii. 22; ilco, iii. 23; fato, iii. 27; it also occurs in the singular, as in wredo, iii. 21; eordo, iv. 1. But the fact is, that the terminating vowel must have been indistinct, so that we not only find synno, iii. 28, but synna, iv. 12; just as in v. 12 we find the pres. part. pl. ending in -endo in cwoedendo, but in ende in færende in the next verse. Another point worthy of remark is that the termination -an (of Rask's first declension) does not appear, but is replaced by -es or -æs, -e, -ɑ, or -o1. Ex. tunga, tungæs, earo, vii. 33–35. The pronouns present some remarkable forms, such as mines for min, x. 47; mec and meh for me, xiv. 6, 7; Jines for din, v. 19; dec for de, v. 34; woe 1 Lind. and Rush. Gospels (Surtees Soc.); pt. iv. p. cxxii. |