APPENDIX.

I. OMNE Adjectivum con- 1. EVERY Adjective agrees cordat cum Substantivo expres-with a Substantive expressed or so vel suppresso, in Genere, understood in Gender, Number

Numero et Casu; ut,

Bonus Vir.

Triste [negotium.]

and Case; as,

A good Man.

A sad thing.

II. Substantiva significantia

II. Substantives signifying the

The Lord God.

eandem rem conveniunt in Ca-same thing agree in Case; as,

su; ut,

Dominus Deus.

III. Omnis infinitivus regitur III. Every Infinitive is gov à Verbo vel Nomine expressiserned by a Verb or Noun ex

vel suppressis; ut,

pressed or understood; as,

ALL Construction is either TRUE or APPARENT, or (as Grammarians express it) JUST or FIGURATIVE. TRUE Construction is founded upon the essential Properties of Words, and is almost the same in all Languages. APPARENT Construction entirely depends upon Custom, which either for Elegance or Dispatch, leaves out a great many Words otherwise necessary to make a Sentence perfectly full and grammatical. The first is comprised in these few Fundamental Rules, and more fully branched out in the larger Syntax. The other is also interspersed through the larger Syntax, but distinguished from that which is True by a (1.)

The Cases mentioned in the Rules of the larger Syntax immediately discover the Rules of this Summary to which they respectively belong; those that are True without any Ellipsis; those that are Figurative by having their Ellipsis supplied as follows, as they are numbered in the Margin.

To RULE II. are reduced Num. 13, supple negotium. Num. 14 and 47, sup. de causa, gratia, or in re, negotio. Num. 15, sup. è numero. Num. 21, sup. de negotio, Num. 22 and 23, sup. officiu, negotium, &c. Num. 24, sup. 1. sat. taken from the Verb. 2. de causa, &c. Num. 29, sup memoriam, notitiam, verba, &c. Num. 30, sup. de crimine, pæna, &c. Num. 35 and 36, sup. pro re. or pretio aris. Num. 40, sup. inter negotia, and res (fert) se ad negotia. Num. 42, sup. res, negotium, &c. Num. 56, sup. in urbe. Num. 60, Domi, sup.in ædibus. Num. 66, these Adv. seem to be taken for the Subst. Nouns.

Το RULE III. is reduced Num. 73, sup. malum est; or these Interj. are used as Subst.

To RULE IV. belong Num. 18, 53 and 62, sup. ad. Num. 33, sup. quod ad. Num. 41, i. e. Est inter mea negotia; Refert (or res fert) se ad mea negotia, &c. Num. 58, sup. ad or in. Num. 64, sup. per. Num. 73, sup. sentio, lugeo, &c.

Το RULE VI. belong Num. 12, sup. è, ex, or cum, &c. Num. 19, sup. pra. Num. 20, sup. de, e, ex, cum, &c. Num. 21, sup. à, ab, &c. Num. 34, sup. pro. Num. 37, 38, sup. à, ab, de, è, ex. Num. 51, and 55, sup. pra, cum, à, ab, è, ex, &c. Num.54, sup. in or de. Num. 57, sup. in. Num. 59, sup. à, ab, è, ex. Num. 62, sup. in. Num. 64, sup. in or pro. Num. 65, sup. sub, cum, à, ab.

NOTE 1. That under Verbs must also be comprehended Participles, Gerunds and Supines, because the general Signification of the Verb is included in them.

NOTE 2. That as a Consequence of this, a learned Grammarian ingeniously supposes that the Dat. and Inf. are always governed by a Verb, and that when they seem to be governed by a Noun, the Participle existens is understood; as, Utilis [existens] bello. Pollio præsidium [existens] reis. Dignus [existens] amari.

NOTE 3. That the Voc. is properly no Part of a Sentence, but the Case by which we excite one to hear or execute what we say. Therefore when the Voc. is put before the Imp. as frequently happens, the Nom. TU or VOS is understood; that even though these Words be already expressed in the Voc. as, Tu Jacobe lege, i. e, O tu Jacobe, tu lege.

and

NOTE 4. That the Voc. is sufficient to itself, and does not necessarily require the Interjection O. See Vossius, Lib. VII. Cap. 69. and Sanctius, Lib. IV. de Ellipsi Verb. Audio et Narro.

CHAP. II.

OF EXPOSITION OR RESOLUTION.

EXPOSITION or RESOLUTION is the unfolding of a Sentence, and placing all the Parts of it, whether expressed or understood, in their proper Order, that the true Sense and Meaning of it may appear.

2. A COMPOUND Sentence is that which hath two or more such Verbs in it, joined together by some Couples.

These COUPLES are of four Sorts, 1. The Relative QUI. 2. Some Comparative Words, such as, tantus, quantus; talis, qualis; tam, quam, &c. 3. Indefinite Words, (See Page 89 and 119.) 4. Conjunctions.

In a Simple Sentence there are two things to be considered, 1. Its Essential. 2. Its Accidental Parts.

1. The Essential Parts of a Sentence area Nominative anda Verb. 2. The Accidental Parts are of four Kinds. 1. Such as excite Attention, as the Vocative and exciting Particles; as; O, en, ecce, heus, &c. 2. Such as serve to introduce a Sentence, or to shew its Dependence upon what was said before: as, Jam, hactenus, quandoquidem, cùm, dum, interea. &c. 3. Such as limit the general and indefinite Signification either of the Nominative or Verb, and these are Substantive Nouns. 4.Such as qualify and explain them, viz. Adjectives, Adverbs and Prepositions, with their Cases. Sometimes a Part of a compound Sentence supplies the Place of those two last kinds of Words.

II. The ORDER of Words in a Sentence is either Natural or Artificial.

1. NATURAL Order is when the Words of a Sentence naturally follow one after another in the same Order with the Conceptions of our Minds.

2: ARTIFICIAL Order is when Words are so arranged as to render them most agreeable to the Ear; but so as the Sense be not thereby obscured.

III. A Sentence may be resolved from the Artificial into the Natural Order by the following Rules:

1. Take the Vocative, Exciting and Introductory Words where they are found.

2. The NOMINATIVE.

3. Words limiting or explaining it, i. e. Words agreeing with, or governed by it, or by another successively (till you come to the Verb) where they are found...

4. The VERB.

5. Words limiting or explaining it, &c. where they are found, to the End of the Sentence.

6. Supply every where the Words that are understood.

7. If the Sentence be compound, take the Parts of it severally, as they depend upon one another, proceeding with each of them as before.

EXAMPLE. Vale igitur, mi Cicero, tibique persuade esse te qui

dem mihi carissimum : sed multo fore cariorem, si talibus monumentis præceptisque latabere. Cic. Off. lib. 3.

Farewel then my (Son) Cicero, and assure yourself that you are indeed very dear unto me; but will be much dearer, if you shall take Delight in such Writings and Instructions.

This Compound Sentence is resolved into these five Simple Sentences.

1. Igitur mi [fili] Cicero, [tu] vale, 2. & [tu] persuade tibi te esse quidem carissimum [filium] mihi; 3. sed [tu persuade tibi te] fore cariorem [filium mihi in] multo [negotio,] 4. si [tu] lalabere talibus monumentis, 5. & [si tu lætabere talibus] præceptis. NOTE 1. That Interrogative Words stand always first in a Sentence, unless a Preposition come before them.

NOTE 2. That Negative Words stand immediately before the

Verb.

NOTE. 3. That Relatives are placed before the Word by which they are governed, unless it be a Preposition.

NOTE 4. That the Subjunctive Mood is used in compound Sen

tences.

*NOTE 5. That the Parts of a Compound Sentence are separated from one another by these Marks called INTERPUNCTIONS.

1. Those that are smaller, named Clauses, by this Mark (,) called a Comma. Those that are greater, named Members, by this Mark (:) called Colon, or this (;) called a Semicolon. 3. When a Sentence is thrown in, that has little or no Connexion with the rest, it is enclosed within what we call a Parenthesis marked thus, ().

But when the Sentence, whether Simple or Compound, is fully ended, if it be a plain Affirmation or Negation, it is closed with this Mark (.) called a Point. If a Question be asked, with this Mark (?) called a Point of Interrogation. If Wonder or some other sudden Passion be signified, with this Mark (!) called a Point of Admiration..

L2

PART IV.

OF PROSODY.

PROSODY teaches the Quantity of Syllables.

The quantity of a Syllable is the space of time taken up in

pronouncing it.

That part of grammar which treats of the quantity and accent of syllables, and the measures of verse, is called Prosody. Syllables, with respect to their quantity, are either long or

short.

A long syllable in pronouncing requires double the time of a short; as, tenděrě.

Some syllables are common.

A common syllable is that which, in verse, is sometimes long, and sometimes short; as the second syllable in volucris.

A vowel is said to be long or short by nature, which is always so by custom.

In polysyllables or long words, the last syllable except one is called the Penultima, or by contraction the Penult, and the last syllable except two, the Antepenultima.

When the quantity of a syllable is not fixed by some particular rule, it is said to be long or short by authority, that is, according to the usage of the poets. Thus le in lego is said to be short by authority, because it is always made short by the Latin poets.

In most Latin words of one or two syllables, according to our manner of pronouncing, we can hardly distinguish by the ear a long syllable from a short. Thus le in lego and legi, seem to be sounded equally long; but when we pronounce them in composition, the difference is obvious; thus, perlěgo, perlēgi.

The rules of quantity are either General or Special. The former apply to all syllables, the latter only to some certain syllables.

GENERAL RULES.

1. A vowel before another vowel is short; as, Meus, alius: sa nihil; hin verse being considered only as a breathing. In like manner in English, create, běhave.

Except. 1. Iis long infio, fiebam, &c. unless when followed byr; as, fieri, fierim.

Except 2. E having an i before and after it, in the fifth declension, is long; as, speciei. So is the first syllable in aer, dius, heu, and the penultima in aulai, terrai, &c. in Pompei, Cai,