propagate; propino, profundo, propelto, propulso, procuro, and Proserpina.

Except. 3. The inseparable prepositions se and di are long; as, sēpăro, dīvello: except dīrimo, disertus. Re is short; as, remitto, refero: except the impersonal verb refert.

Except. 4. E, i, and o in the end of the former compounding word are usually shortened; as, nefas, neque, patefacio, &c.отnipotens, agricola, significo, &c. duodecim, hodie, sacranctus, &c. But from each of these there are many exceptions. Thus iis long when it is varied by cases; as, qui lam, quīvis, tantidem, eidem, &c. And when the compounding words may be taken separately; as, ludīmagister, luerīfacio, siquis, &c. Idem in the masculine is long, in the neuter short; also, ubique, ibidem. But in ubivis and ubicunque, the i is doubtful.

ACCENT.

Accent is the tone of the voice with which a syllable is pronounced.

In every word of two or more syllables, one syllable is sounded higher than the rest to prevent monotony, or an uniformity of sound which is disagreeable to the ear.

When accent is considered with respect to the sense, or when a particular stress is laid upon any word, on account of the meaning it is called Emphasis.

There are three accents, distinguished by their different sounds; acute, grave, circumflex.

1. The acute or sharpaccent raises the voice in pronunciation, and is thus marked [ ́ as, prófero, prófer.

2. The grave or base accent depresses the voice, or keeps it in its natural tone, and is thus marked [] as, doctè. This accent properly belongs to all syllables which have no other.

3. The circumflex accent first raises, and then sinks the voice.. in some degree on the last syllable; and is therefore placed only upon long syllables. When written, it has this mark, made up of the two former [^] as, amare.

The accents are hardly ever marked in English books, except in dictionaries, grammars, spelling-books, or the like, where the acute accent only is used.

The accents are likewise seldom marked in Latin books, unless for the sake of distinction; as in these adverbs, aliquò, continuò, doctè, unà, &c. to distinguish them from certain cases of adjectives, which are spelled in the same way. Sofroëta, gloria, in

M2

the ablative: fructús, tumultus, in the genit. nostrúm, vestrúm, the genit. of nos and vos: ergó, on account of: occidit, he slew; Pompili, for Pompilii; amaris, for amaveris, &c.

VERSE.

A Verse is a certain number of long and short syllables disposed according to rule.

It is so called, because when the number of syllables requisite is completed, we always turn back to the beginning of a new line. The parts into which we divide a verse, to see if it have its just number of syllables, are called Feet.

A verse is divided into different feet, rather to ascertain its measure, than to regulate its pronunciation.

FEET.

Poetic feet are either of two, three or four syllables. When a single syllable is taken by itself, it is called a Casūra, which is commonly a long syllable.

1. Feet of two Syllables.

Spondeus, consists of two long; as, omnēs.

Pyrrhichius,

Jambus,

Trochaus,

Dactylus,

Anapastus,

two short; as, děŭs.

a short and a long; as, amāns.

a long and a short; as, sērvŭs.

2. Feet of three Syllables.

a long and two short; as, scribere.

two short and a long; as, pietās.

Amphimăcer, a long, a short, and a long; ; as, chārītās.

three short; as, dominus.

The following are not much used.

Trybrachys,

Epitritus quartus,

DIFFERENT KINDS OF VERSES.

1. HEXAMETER.

The Hexameter or heroic verse consists of six feet. Of these

the fifth is a dactyle, and the sixth a spondee; all the rest may

be either dactyles or spondees :

A regular Hexameter line cannot have more than seventeen

syllables or fewer than thirteen.

Sometimes a spondee is found in the fifth place, whence the

verse is called Spondaic; as,

Cără Dě- | um söbo- | lēs mā- | gnām.

Jövis | incre- | mentüm.

Virg.

Sometimes there remains a superfluous syllable at the end. But this syllable must either terminate in a vowel, or in the consonant m, with a vowel before it; so as to be joined with the following verse, which in the present case must always begin with a vowel; as,

Omnia | Mērcări | ō simi- | lis võ- | cemque că- | loremque

Et flavos crines.

2. PENTAMETER.

The Pentameter verse consists of five feet. Of these the two

first are either dactyles or spondees; the third always a spon

dee and the fourth and fifth, an anapæstus; as,

But this verse is more properly divided into two hemisticks or

halves; the former of which consists of two feet, either dactyles

or spondees, and a Cæsura; the latter always of two dactyles

and another Cæsura; thus,

The Asclepiadēan verse consists of four feet; to wit, a spon

dee, twice a choriambus, and a pyrrhichius; as,

Mæce- | nās atāvis | editě re- | gibus.

Hor.

But this verse may be more properly measured thus: In the first place, a spondee; in the second a dactyle; then a cæsura;

and after that two dactyles; thus,

Mace- | nas ată- | vis | edite | regibus.

4. GLYCONIAN

The Glyconian verse has three feet, a spondee, a choriambus,

and pyrrhichius; as,

Nāvis | quæ tibi cre- | dům.

Hor.

Or it may be divided into a spondee and two dactyles; thus, Navis quæ tibi | creditum.

5. SAPPHIC.

The Sapphic verse has five feet, viz. a trochee, spondee, dac

tyle, and two trochees; thus,

Intě- | gër vi- | tæ scělě- | risquě | pūrŭs.

6. ADONIAN.

Hor.

An Adonian verse consists only of a dactyle and spondee; as, Jūpitër | ürgēt.

7. PHARECRATIAN.

Horat.

The Pherecratian verse consists of three feet, a spondee, dac

tyle and spondee; thus,

Nigris | æquoră | ventis.

8. PHELEUCIAN.

Hor.

The Phaleucian verse consists of five feet, to wit, a spondee,

dactyle, and three trochees; as,

Sümmām | nec mětů- | as di- |ēm, něc | optěs.

9. THE GREATER ALCAIC.

Mart.

The greater Alcaic, called also the Dactylic, consists of four feet, a spondee or iambus, iambus and cæsura, then two dactyles; as,

Virtūs | repül- | sæ | nescia | sordidæ.

Horat.

10. ARCHILOCHIAN.

The Archilochian iambic verse consists of four feet. In the first and third place, it has either a spondee or iambus; in the second and fourth, always an iambus,; and in the end, a cæsu

ra; as,

Nēc sü- | mit aut | ponit | seců | rēs.

11. THE LESSER ALCAIC.

Hor.

The lesser Dactylic Alcaic consists of four feet, namely, two

dactyles and two trochees; as,

Arbitri- ö pöpŭ | laris | aūra.

Hor.

Of the above kinds of verse, the two first take their names from the number of feet of which they consist. All the rest derive their names from those by whom they were either first invented, or frequently used.

There are several other kinds of verse, which are named from the feet by which they are most commonly measured: such as the dactylic, trochaic, anapæstic, and iambic. The last of these is most frequently used.

12. İAMBIC.

Of Iambic verse there are two kinds. The one consists of four feet, and is called by a Greek name Dimeter; the other consists of six feet, and is called Trimeter. The reason of these names is, that among the Greeks two feet were considered only as one measure in iambic verse; whereas the Latins measured it by single feet, and therefore called the dimeter quaternarius, and the trimeter senarius. Originally this kind of verse was purely iambic, i. e. admitted of no other feet but the iambus; thus, Dimeter, Inār- | sit æ- stuō. sŭis.

Trimeter, Sŭīs

ět i. psă Rō- mă vi- | ribus | rŭît.

Hor.
Id.

But afterwards, both for the sake of ease and variety, different feet were admitted into the uneven or odd places; that is, in the first, third, and fifth places, instead of an iambus, they used a spondee, a dactyle or an anapæstus, and sometimes a trybrachys. We also find a trybrachys in the even places. i.e. in the second place, and in the fourth; for the last foot must always be an

iambus; thus,

Dimeter. Canıdı

ă trac- tavit dăpes.

Vide- reprope rāntēs, domūm.

Hor.

Id.

Hor.

Id.

Trimeter. Quoquō | scělē- | sti rŭi- | tis aut | cür dēx- | těrīs.
Păvidūm- | quě lěpo- | raūt ād | věnām | lăqučo | grüēm.
Allti- | bus āt | quẽ cănĩ- | bus homi- | cid Hē - | ctörēm.
In comic writers we sometimes find an iambic verse consist-

ing of eight feet, therefore called Tetrameter or Octonarius.

A verse which hath the just number of feet requisite, is called Versus Acatalecticus, an Acatalectic verse; if a syllable be wanting, it is called Catalecticus; if there be a syllable too much it is called Hypercatalecticus or Hypermeter.

NOTE. It is not of great importance whether these names and several others of the same nature which follow, be remembered by the learner or not. They are here made use of and explained, that they may not appear strange, when they occur in other books.

COMBINATION OF VERSES. :

The different kinds of verses are variously combinedin poems. A poem which hasonly one kind of verse, is called by a Greek name, Monocolon; that which has two kinds, Dicōlon; and that which has three kinds of verse, Tricōlon,