grieve; Dolendus, to be grieved: And sometimes four; as, Vigilans, Watching; Vigilaturus, About to watch; Vigilatus, Watched; Vigilandus, To be watched.

5. DEPONENT and COMMON Verbs have generally four Participles; as, Loquens, Speaking; Locuturus, About to speak; Locu 'us, Having spoken; Loquendus, To be spoken; Dignans, Vouchsafing; Dignaturus, Aboutto vouchsafe; Dignatus, Having vouchsafed, or being vouchsafed; Dignandus, To be vouchsafed.

NOTE. 1. That in some Deponent Verbs, the Participle perfect hath both an Active and Passive Signification, though that of the Verb itself is only Active; as, Testatus, having testified, or being testified. So Mentitus, Meditatus, Oblitus, &c.

NOTE 2. That it is essential to a Participle, 1. That it come immediately from a Verb. 2. That in its Signification it also include Time. Therefore Tunicatus, Coated; Larvatus, Masked, and such like are not Participles, because they come from Nouns, and not from Verbs. And Igrā us, Ignorant; Elegans, Neat; Circumspectus, Circumspect; Tacitus, Silent: Falsus, False: Profūzus, Prodigal, &c. are not Participles, because they do not signify Time.

There are a Kind of Adjective Nounds endiug in UNDUS,. which approach very near to the Nature of Participles, such as Errabundus, Ludibundus, Populabundus. They are formed from the Imperf. of the Indic. and the Signification is much the same with the Participle of the present Time; only they signify Abun dance, or a great deal of the Action, according to A. Gellius, Lib. 11. Cap. 15. or, according to others, they signify the same with the Participle of Frequentative Verbs, when these are not in use.. See Gronovius or Gellius, as above cited.

APPENDIX OF GERUNDS AND SUPINES. GERUNDS and SUPINES (which, because of their near Relation to Verbs, are by some not improperly called Participiat Words) are a Sort of Substantive Nouns, expressing the Action of the Verb in general, or in the abstract. GERUNDS, are Substantives of the second Declension, and complete in all their Cases, except the Vocative. SUPINES are Substantives of the fourth Declension, having only two Cases, the Accusative in UM, which makes the First Supine, and the Ablative in U,. which makes the Second.

[Vossius, Lib. 8. Cap. 54. thinks that the Last Supine may sometimes be a Dative; as, Durum tactu, i. e. tactui; For the Datives of the Fourth Declension, of old ended in u. Also Lib.7. Cap.

G2

8. he takes Notice that though these Supines have sometimes other Cases, (as irrisui esse) yet they are only reckoned Supines by Grammarians when the First comes after Verbs of Motion, and the Second after Adjective Nouns: Thus dignus irrisu is a Supine (according to them) Non sine irrisu audientium, is not.]

De Indeclinabilibus Partibus Ora-Of the Indeclinable Parts of

tionis.

CAP. V.

De Adverbio.

Speech.
CHAP. V.

Of Adverb.

IN Adverbio potissimum IN an Adverb is chiefly to be

spectanda est ejus Significatio, considered its Signification. Adverbiorum Significationes The Significations of Adverbs variæ sunt: earum vero præci-are various: But the chief of puæ ad sequentia capita revo-them may be reduced to the folcari possunt.

lowing heads.

ADVERB is an indeclinable Part of Speech, which being joined to a Noun, Verb, or other Adverb, expresses some Cir eumstance, Quality, or Manner of their Signification.

I. Adverbs denoting CIRCUMSTANCE are chiefly those of Place, Time and Order.

1. Adverbs of PLACE are five-fold, 2. Adverbs of TIME are three-fold,

(1) Being in Time, either,

viz. Such as signify,

Nudiustertius, Three days ago.

(2) Continuance of Time..

(3) Vicissitude or Repetition of Time.

Inde,

Then.

3. Adverbs of ORDER; as,

Deniceps, Soforth.
Of new.

Deinde, Thereafter. Denuo,
Dehinc, Henceforth Denique, Finally.
Porro, Moreover. Postremò, Lastly.

Primò, -ùm, First.
Secundò,-ùm, Secondly..
Tertiò, -ùm, Thirdly..
Quartò, -um, Fourthly..

II. The other Adverbs expressing QUALITY, MANNER, &c. are either Absolute or Comparative.

1. QUALITY simply; as, Bene, well; male, ill; fortiter, bravely; And innumerable others that come from Adjective Nouns, or Participles.

NOTE1. That ADVERBS seem originally to have been contrived to express compendiously in one word what must otherwise have required two or more; as, Sapienter, wisely, for cum sapientia; hie, for in hoc loco; semper, for in omni tempore; semel, for unâ vice; bis, for duabus vicibus; Hercule, for Hercules me juvet, &c. Therefore many of them are nothing else but Adjective Nouns or Pronouns having the Preposition and Substantive understood; as, qud, eò, còdem; for ad que, ea, eadem, [loca,] or cui, ei, eidem [loco; for of old these Datives ended in 0. Thus qua, hac, illac, &c. are plain Adjectives in the Abl. Sing. Femin. the Word Via, a Way, and in being understood. Many of them are Compounds; as, quomodo, i. e. quo modo; quemadmodum, i. e. ad quem modum; quamobrem, i. e. ob quam rem; quare, i. e. [pro] qua re; quorsum, i. e. versus quem [locum; scilicet, i. e. scire licet; vidclicet, i. e. videre licet; ilicet, i. e. ire licet; illico, i. e. in loco; magnopere, i. e. magno opere; nimirum, i. e. ni [est] mirum, &c.

NOTE 2. That of Adverbs of Place, those of the first Kind answer to the Question ubi? the second to quò? the third to quorsum? the fourth to unde? and the fifth to quà? To which might be added a Sixth, Quousque? How far? answered by Usque, until; Hucusque, hitherto; Eousque, so far; Hactenus, hitherto, thus far; Eatenus, so far as; Quadantenus, in some measure. But these are equally applied to Place and Time.

NOTE 3. That Adverbs of Time of the first Kind answer to quando? of the second to quamdiu, and quamdudum or quampridem? of the third to quoties ?

NOTE 4. That Adverbs of Quality generally answer to the Question quomodo ?

NOTE 5. That some Adverbs of Time, Place and Order, are frequently used the one for the other; as, Ubi, where and when; inde, from that Place, from that Time, thereafter, next; hactenus, thus far, with respect to Place, Time, or Order, &c. Other Adverbs also may be classed under different Heads.

NOTE 7. That some Adverbs of Time are either past, present, or future; as Jam, already, now, by and by; Olim, long ago, sometime hereafter.

NOTE 7, That Interrogative Adverbs of Time and Place doubled, or with the Adjection cunque, answer to the English Adjection soever, as, ubiubi, or ubicunque, wheresoever; quoquo, or quocunque, whithersoever, &c. And the same holds also in other Interrogative Words; as, quisquis, or quicunque, whosoever; quotquot, or quotcunque, how many soever; quantusquan.