tus or quantuscunque, how great soever; qualis qualis, or qualiscunque, of what Kind or Quality soever; ut ut, or utcunque however, or howsoever, &c.

CAP. VI.

CHAP. VI.

De Præpositione.

Of Preposition.

I. PREPOSITIONES quæ I. THE Prepositions which

regunt Accusativum, sunt vi- govern the Accusative are trven

II. Præpositiones quæ re- II. The Prepositions which

gunt Ablativum sunt quinde-govern the Ablative are fifteen.

cim; nempe,

namely,

III. Hæ quatuor interdum

III. These four govern some

Accusativum, interdum Abla-times the Accusative, and some

With the knowledge

Sine,

Tenus,

Without.

Up to.

A PREPOSITION is an indeclinable Word, showing the relation of one Substantive Noun to another.

NOTE, That Pone and Secus rarely occur: and Prope, nigh; Usque, unto; Circiter, about; Versus, towards, which are commonly reckoned among the Prepositions governing the Accusative; and Procul, far, among those governing the Ablative, are Adverbs; and do not govern a Case of themselves, but by the Preposition ad, which is understood to the first four, and a or ab to the last. To which perhaps may be added, Clam, which is joined very frequently with the Accusative; as, Clam patre, or patrem; a being understood to the one, and quod ad to the

other.

Besides the separate use of these PREPOSITIONS, there is another use arising from them, namely, their being put before a vast number of Nouns and Verbs in Composition, which creates a great variety, and gives a peculiar elegance and beauty to the Latin Tongue.

There are five or six Syllables, viz. AM, DI or DIS, RE, SE, CON, which are commonly called Inseparable Prepositions, because they are only to be found in compound words: However, they generally add something to the signification of the words with which they are compounded: thus,

Am,

Di,

Cround about,

ambio, to surround. divello, to pull asunder. distraho, to draw asunder. relěgo, to read again. sepono, to lay aside. concresco, to growtogether.

CHAP. VII.

OF INTERJECTION.

AN INTERJECTION is an indeclinable Word thrown

into Discourse to signify some Passion or Emotion of the

Mind.

Some of them express,

1. JOY; as, Evax, hey, brave, io.

2. GRIEF; as, Ah, hei, heu, eheu, ah, alas, woes me.

3. WONDER; as, Papæ, O strange; Vah, hah.

4. PRAISE; as, Euge, well done.

5. AVERSION; as, Apăge, away, begone, fy, tush.

6. EXCLAIMING; as, Oh, Proh, O!

7. SURPRISE or FEAR; as, Atat, ha, aha.

8. IMPRECATION; as, Va, wo, pox on't.

9. LAUGHTER; as, Ha, ha, he.

10. SILENCING; as, Au, 'st, pax, silence, hush, st.
11. CALLING; as, Eho, io, ho, soho, ho, O.

12. DERISION; as, Hui, away with.

13. ATTENTION; as, Hem, hah.

NOTE 1. That the same Interjection denotes sometimes one Passion, and sometimes another; as, Vah, which is used to express Joy, and Sorrow, and Wonder, &c.

NOTE 2. That some of them are natural Sounds, common to all Languages.

NOTE 3. That Nouns are used somtimes for Interjections; as, Malum! With a Pox! With a Mischief! Infandum! O Shame, fy! fy! Miserum! O wretched! Nefas! O the Villainy.

INTERJECTION is a compendious way of expressing a whole Sentence in one Word; and used only to represent the Passions and Emotions of the Soul, that the shortness of the one might the sooner express the suddenness and quickness of the other.

CHAP, VIII.

OF CONJUNCTION.

A CONJUNCTION is an indeclinable Word that joins Sentences together; and thereby shews their Dependence upon

one another.

Of these some are called,

1. COPULATIVE: as, Et, ac, atque, que, and; etiam, quoque, item, also; cùm, tùm, both, and. Also their Contraries, nec, neque, neu, neve, neither, nor.

2. DISJUNCTIVE; as, Aut, ve, vel, seu, sive, either, or. 3. CONCESSIVE; as, Etsi, etiamsi, tametsi, licet, quanquam,

quamvis, though, although, albeit.

4. ADVERSATIVE; as, Sed, verùm, autem, at, ast, atqui, but; tamen, attamen, veruntămen, verumenimvēro, yet, notwithstanding, nevertheless.

5. CASUAL; as, Nam, namque, enim, for; quia, quippe, quoniam, because; quod, that, because

5. ILLATIVEor RATIONAL; as, Ergo, ideo, igitur, idcirco, itaque, therefore; quapropter, quocirca, wherefore; proinde, therefore; cùm, quum, seeing, since; quandoquidem, foras

much аз.

7. FINAL or PERFECTIVE; as, Ut, uti, that, to the end that. 8. CONDITIONAL; as, Sí, sin, if; dum, modo, dummodo, provided, upon condition that; siquidem, if indeed,

9. EXCEPTIVE or RESTRICTIVE; as, Ni, nisi, unless, except.

10. DIMINUTIVE; as, Saltem, certè, at least.

11. SUSPENSIVE or DUBITATIVE; as, An, anne, num, whether; ne, annon, whether, not; necne, or not.

12- EXPLETIVE; as, Autem, vero, now, truly; quidem, equidem, indeed.

13. ORDINATIVE; as, Deinde, thereafter; denique, finally; insŭper, moreover; cæterum, moreover, but however. 14. DECLARATIVE; as, Videlicet, scilicet, nempe, nimirum, &c. to wit, namely.

NOTE 1. That the same Words, as they are taken in different Views, are both Adverbs and Conjunctions; as, An anne, &c. are Suspensive Conjunctions, and Interrogative Adverbs. The same may be said of the Ordinative and Declarative Conjunctions, which under another View may be ranked under Adverbs of Order and Explaining. So likewise Utinam, which is commonly called an Adverb of Wishing, when more narrowly considered, is nothing else but the Conjunction Uti [that] with the Syllable nam added to it, and opto [I wish] understood; as, Utinam adfuisses; ut te Deus malè perdat; supple Opto. But since both of them are indeclinable, there is no great Need of being very nice in distinguishing them.

NOTE 2. That other Parts of Speech compounded together, supply the Place of Conjunctions; as, Postea, afterwards; præterea, moreover; propterea, because, &c. Which are made up of the Prepositions post, præter and propter, with ea the Pronoun,

H

NOTE 3. That some Conjunctions according to their natural ORDER, stand first in a Sentence; as, Et,aut, nec, si, &c. Some contrary to their natural Order, stand in the second Place, viz. autem, vero, quoque, quidem, enim: And some may indifferently be put either first or second, viz. Namque, etěnim, siquidem,ergo, igitur, ita que, &c. Hence arose the Division of them into Prepositive, Subjunctive, and Common.

CHAP. IX.

APPENDIX, containing some Observations concerning the various Divisions and Significations of Words, especially Noun and Verb.

1. ALL Words whatsoever are either Simple or Compound. A SIMPLE word [Simplex] is that which was never more than one; as, Justus, lego. A COMPOUND [Compositum] is that which is made up of two or more words, or of a word and some Syllabical Adjection; as, Injustus, perlego, derelinquo, egomet.

2. All Words whatsoever are either Primitive or Derivative. A PRIMITIVE Word [Primitivum] is that which comes from no other Word; as, Justas, lego. A DERIVATIVE [Derivativum] is that which comes from another Word; as, Justitia,

lectio.

I. Besides the more general Divisions of Nouns and Pronouns, mentioned p. 5, and 26, there are other particular Divisions of them, taken from their various Significations and Derivations ; The most remarkable whereof are these :

I. With respect to Signification.

I. A COLLECTIVE [Collectivum] is a Substantive Noun which signifies many in the singular Number; as, Populus, a People; exercitus, an Army.

2. An INTERROGATIVE Noun or pronoun [Interrogativum] is that by which we ask a Question; as, Quis? Who? Uter? Which of the two? Qualis? Of what kind? Quantus ? How great? Quot? How many? And these, when they are used without a Question, are called INDEFINITES.

3. A RELATIVE Noun or Pronoun [Relativum] is an Ad. jective that has respect to something spoken before; as, Qui, ille, ipse, &c. Alius, alter, reliquus, cetera, -um, qualis, quantus, &c.