:

(a) We have now arrived at the principal Part of Grammar; for the great end of Speech being to convey our thoughts unto others, it will be of little use to us to have a stock of words, and to know what changes can be made upon them, unless we can also apply them to Practice, and make them answer the great Purposes for which they are intended. To the Attainment of this End there are two things absolutely necessary, viz. I. That in Speech we dispose and frame our Words, according to the Laws and Rules established among those whose Language we speak. II. That in like manner we know what is spoken or written, and be able to explain it in due Order, and resolve it into the several Parts of which it is made up. The first of these is called SYNTAX or CONSTRUCTION, and the second is named EXPOSITION or RESOLUTION. The first shows us how to speak the Language ourselves; and the second how to understand it when spoken by others. But it must be owned, that there is such a necessary connection between them, that he who is Master of the first cannot be ignorant of the second.

(b) NOTE 1. That the Difference between Concord and Government consists chiefly in this that in Concord there can no Change be made in the Accidents, that is, Gender, Case, Number, or Person of the one, but the like Change must also be made in

Concordantia est quando unal Concord is when one Word dictio concordat cum alterâ inagrees with another in some Acquibusdam accidentibus.

cidents.

Regimen est quando dictio Government is when a Word

regit certum casum.

I. DE CONCORDANTIA.

CONCORDANTIA est qua

druplex.

1. Adjectivi cum Substantiνο. 2. Verbi cum Nominativo.

3. Relativi cum Antecedente.

governs a certain Case.

1. OF CONCORD. CONCORD is fourfold.

1. Of an Adjective with a Substantive.

2. Of a Verb with a Nominative. 3. af a Relative with an Antecedent. 4. Substantivi cum Substan- 4. Of a Substantive with a

tivo.

REGULA I.

Substantive.

RULE I.

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ADJECTIVUM concordat AN Adjective agrees with a cum Substantivo in genere, nu-Substantive in Gender, Number,

mero, et casu; ut,

* Vir & bonus.

* Fæmina † casta.

† Dulce * poтит.

and Case ; as,

A good Man.

A chaste Woman.

A sweet Apple.

the other: But in Government, the first Word (if declinable) may be changed, without any Change in the second. In Concord, the first Word may be called the Word directing, and the second, the Word directed; In Government the first is called the Word governing, and the second the Word governed.

NOTE 2. That for the greater ease both of Master and Scholar, we have noted those Words wherein the Force of each Example lieth, with the marks (*) and (†); the Word Directing or Governing with (*,) and the Word Directed or Governed with (t); or where there are two Words Directing or Governing, the first with (*,) and the second with (**); and where two Words Directed or Governed, the first with (f,) and the second with (tt.)

Number 1. NOTE 1. That the Way to find out the Substantive is to ask the Question WHO or WHAT? to the Adjective; for that which answers to it is the Substantive. And the same Question put to the Verb or Relative, discovers the Nominative

2 VERBUM concordat cum A VERB agrees with the NoNominativo ante se in nume-minative before it in Number and

ro et persona; ut,

* Ego † lego.

* Tu† scribis.

* Præceptor † docet.

3 1.

Person; as,

I read.

You write.

The Master teacheth.

ANNOTATIONES.

VERBA Substantiva, 1. Substantive Verbs, Verbs Vocandi et Gestûs habent of Naming and Gesture have a utrinque Nominativum ad Nominative both before and afeandem rem pertinentem; ter them, belonging to the same

ut,

† Ego * sum †† discipulus.

† Tu * vocaris †† Joannes.

† Illa * incedit ††Regina.

thing; as,

I am a Scholar.
You are named John.

She walks [as] a Queen.

NOTE 2. That another Adjective sometimes supplies the place of a Substantive; as, Amicus certus, a sure Friend; Bona ferina, Good Venison. Homo being understood to Amicus, and Caro to Ferina.

NOTE 3. That the Substantive THING [Negotium] is most frequently understood; and then the Adjective is always put in the Neuter Gender, as if it were a Substantive; as, Triste, [supple Negotium] i. e. Res tristis, A sad Thing. Bona, (supple Negotia) i. e. Res bona, Good Things.

Num. 2. NOTE, That the Infinitive Mood frequently supplies the place of the Nominative; as, Mentiri non est meum. To lie is not mine, (or my Property.)

Num. 3. 1. Substantive Verbs are Sum, fio, forem, and existo. 2. Verbs of Naming are these Passives, Appellor, dicor, vocor, nominor, nuncupor; to which add, Videor, existimor, creor, constituor, salutor, designor, &c.

3. Verbs of Gesture are Eo, incedo, venio, cubo, sto, sedeo, evādo, fugio, dormio, somnio, manco, &c.

NOTE, That any Verb may have after it the Nominative, when it belongs to the same thing with the Nominative before it; as, Audivi hoc puer, I heard it being, (or when I was) a Boy. Defendi rempublicam adolescens, non desěram senex, I defended the Commonwealth (when I was) a young Man, I will not desert it (now that I am) old. Cic,

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2. EXCEP. The Infini-4

2. EXCEP. Infinitivus Modus Accusativum ante setive Mood has an Accusative

habet; ut,

Gaudeo + te * valere.

3. ESSE habet eundem casum post se quem ante se; ut,

*

† Petrus cupit * esse tt vir doctus.

before it; as,

I am glad that you are well.

3 ESSE hath the same 5 Case after it that it hath before it; as,

Peter desires to be a learned Man,

Scio Petrum * esse †† virum I know that Peter is a doctum.

† Mihi †† negligenti * esse non

licet.

REG III.

RELATIVUM Qui, qua,

learned Man.

I am not allowed to be negligent.

RULE III.

THE Relative, Qui, quæ, 6

quod, concordat cum Antece-quod, agrees with the Antecedente in genere et numero ; dent in Gender and Number; ut,

as,

* Vir sapit † qui pauca loqui- He is a wise Man who

tur.

speaks little.

Num. 4. NOTE, That when the Particle THAT (in Latin QUOD, or UT) comes between two Verbs, it is elegantly left out, by turning the Nominative Case into the Accusative, and the Verb into the Infinitive Mood; as, Aiunt Regem adventare, They say (that) the King is coming; rather than, Aiunt quod Rex adventat. Turpe est eos, qui bene nati sunt, turpiter vivere, 'Tis a shameful thing that they who are well born should live basely; rather than, Ut ii turpiter vivant. See p. 47.

Num. 5. NOTE 1. That we frequently say, Licet nobis esse bonos; We may be good. Tibi expedit esse sedulum, "Tis expedient for you to be diligent. Nemini unquam nocuit fuisse pium, It never hurted any man that he hath been pious: But then the Accusative, Nos, te, illum, &c. is understood; thus Licet nobis esse bonos, &c.

NOTE 2. That if Esse and the other Infinitives of Substantive Verbs, Verbs of Naming, &c. have no Accusative or Dative before them, the Word that follows (whether Substantive or Adjective) is to be put in the Nominative; as, Dicitur esse vir, He is said to be a Man. Non videtur esse facturus, He seems not about to do it. Nemo debet dici beatus ante suum obitum, No Man should be called happy before his Death.

Num. 6. NOTE 1. That the Antecedent is a Substantive Noun that goes before the Relative, and is again understood to the Re. 7 1. Si nullus interveniat No- 1. If no Nominative come minativus inter Relativum et between the Relative and the Verbum, Relativum erit ver-Verb, the Relative shall be the bo Nominativus: ut,

Præceptor * qui † docet.

Nominative to the Veb; as,

The Master who teacheth.

8 2. At si interveniat Nomi- 2. But if a Nominative come nativus inter Relativum et between the Relative and the Verbum, Relativum erit ejus Verb, the Relative shall be of casus quem Verbum aut No-that Case, which the Verb or men sequens, vel Præposi-Noun following, or the Prepositio præcedens regere solent; tion going before, use to govern ; ut,

as,

God whom we worship.
By whose Gift we live.
To whom there is none like.

By whom all things were made.

ANNOTATIO.

9 Duo vel plura Substanti- Two or more Substantives va singularia, Conjunctione singular, coupled together witha (et, ac, atque, &c.) copulata, Conjunction (et, ac, atque, &c.) habent Adjectivum, Verbumhave a Verb, Adjective, or Revel Relativum plurale; ut, lative plural; as, * Petrus et Joannes † qui Peter and John who are

lative. Wherefore it will not be amiss to teach the Scholar to supply it every where; thus, Beware of Idleness, which (Idleness) is an enemy to Virtue. Cave segnitiem, quæ (segnities) est inimica virtuti. Nay Cicero himself, but especially Casar, frequently repeats the Substantive; as, In oppidum perfugisti,quo in oppido, &c You fled to a Town, in which Town, Cic. Diem dicunt, quo die ad ripam Rhodani conveniant. They appoint a Day, on which Day they should meet upon the Bank of the River Rhone, Cas.

NOTE 2. That when the Relative respects a whole sentence, it is put in the Neuter Gender; as, Joannes mortuus est, quod mihi summo dolori est, John is dead, which is a great Grief to me.

NOTE 3. That the Person of the Relative is always the same with that of its Antecedent; as, Ego qui doceo, I who teach. Tu qui discis, You who learn. Lectio quæ docetur, The Lesson which is taught.

Num. 9. NOTE 1. That when the Substantives are of different Genders, and signify Persons, the Adjective or Relative plural must

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