Tobacco Use by Native North Americans: Sacred Smoke and Silent KillerJoseph C. Winter University of Oklahoma Press, 2000 - 454 pages Recently identified as a killer, tobacco has been the focus of health warnings, lawsuits, and political controversy. Yet many Native Americans continue to view tobacco-when used properly-as a life-affirming and sacramental substance that plays a significant role in Native creation myths and religious ceremonies. This definitive work presents the origins, history, and contemporary use (and misuse) of tobacco by Native Americans. It describes wild and domesticated tobacco species and how their cultivation and use may have led to the domestication of corn, potatoes, beans, and other food plants. It also analyzes many North American Indian practices and beliefs, including the concept that Tobacco is so powerful and sacred that the spirits themselves are addicted to it. The book presents medical data revealing the increasing rates of commercial tobacco use by Native youth and the rising rates of death among Native American elders from lung cancer, heart disease, and other tobacco-related illnesses. Finally, this volume argues for the preservation of traditional tobacco use in a limited, sacramental manner while criticizing the use of commercial tobacco. Contributors are: Mary J. Adair, Karen R. Adams, Carol B. Brandt, Linda Scott Cummings, Glenna Dean, Patricia Diaz-Romo, Jannifer W. Gish, Julia E. Hammett, Robert F. Hill, Richard G. Holloway, Christina M. Pego, Samuel Salinas Alvarez, Lawrence A Shorty, Glenn W. Solomon, Mollie Toll, Suzanne E. Victoria, Alexander von Garnet, Jonathan M. Samet, and Gail E. Wagner. |
Contents
Introduction to the North American Tobacco Species | 3 |
Navajo man pruning mountain tobacco N attenuata | 4 |
Coyotes tobacco N trigonophylla | 7 |
Eskimo woman smoking a traditional pipe | 12 |
Cree Indians and Hudsons Bay Company workers with tobacco carrot | 13 |
N rustica patch on the Tonawanda Seneca Reservation 1995 | 14 |
Seneca Chief Cornplanters tobacco N rustica | 17 |
Arikara man with seven calumets | 23 |
Saracha procumbens Capsicum annuum | 231 |
Capsicum baccatum Physalis acutifolia | 232 |
Physalis hederaefolia Solanum douglasii S jamesii | 233 |
Solanum fendleri Chamaesaracha conioides | 234 |
Chamaesaracha coronopus Margaranthus solanaceus Salpichroa organifolia | 235 |
Cestrum flavescens Petunia parviflora | 236 |
Lycium andersonii L pallidum L torreyi | 237 |
L pallidum L torreyi | 238 |
Tlingit hunter smoking a pipe 1899 | 27 |
Type specimen of N quadrivalvis var quadrivalvis collected | 31 |
Phoebe Maddux wearing a Karuk hat of a type also used as a tobacco basket 1928 | 32 |
Southern Ute men with Plainsstyle pipes and pipe bags | 40 |
N rustica at Jemez Pueblo New Mexico 1936 | 45 |
N rustica field at San Juan Pueblo Agricultural Cooperative New Mexico 1994 | 46 |
Lacandon Maya woman smoking an N tabacum cigar | 47 |
Tarahumara N tabacum Chihuahua Mexico 1953 | 53 |
Botanical Description of the North American Tobacco Species | 87 |
Mopan Maya N tabacum | 93 |
Mexican N tabacum with Huichol Indian child laborers | 94 |
N rustica grown from seed from Santo Domingo Pueblo New Mexico | 102 |
Largeleafed Iroquois N rustica | 103 |
Blossom variations among tobacco species used by Native Americans | 106 |
Micrographs of seeds of various tobacco taxa | 107 |
N glauca tree tobacco | 109 |
N attenuata grown from seed from a Navajo family | 112 |
N trigonophylla grown from seed from old Kumeyaay village California | 124 |
Cultural Geography of Western North American Tobacco | 128 |
Meriwether Lewis | 129 |
N quadrivalvis var multivalvis grown from seeds collected by David Douglas 1825 | 130 |
N quadrivalvis var multivalvis grown from seeds collected by Elihu Hall 1871 | 132 |
Tobacco Use Ecology and Manipulation in the Prehistoric | 143 |
Seeds of seven southwestern U S Nicotiana species | 146 |
Seeds of four native southwestern U S Nicotiana species | 147 |
Seeds of two domesticated and one likely introduced Nicotiana species | 148 |
Nicotiana in late Pueblo and late Classic Hohokam sites | 165 |
Nicotiana in historic sites | 167 |
Historical Use Ethnographic Accounts | 171 |
Archaeological tobacco on the Great Plains | 179 |
Dottle residue from a sandstone pipe | 180 |
Tobacco in Prehistoric Eastern North America | 185 |
Descriptions of Nicotiana and Solanum seeds | 187 |
Sizes of charred prehistoric eastern tobacco seeds | 188 |
Archaeological tobacco in eastern North America | 191 |
Archaeological contexts and associations for eastern U S tobacco seeds | 197 |
Morphological Studies of New Mexico Solanaceae Pollen | 211 |
Examples of New Mexico Solanaceae pollen grains | 212 |
Discriminant index scores by six and seven variables | 219 |
Morphological key to genera of Solanaceae | 221 |
Morphological Distinctiveness of Nicotiana Pollen and | 223 |
Distribution of Solanaceae species in the greater Southwest | 224 |
Datura quercifolia D innoxia D meteloides | 229 |
Nicandra physalodes Hyoscyamus niger | 230 |
Nicotiana attenuata | 239 |
N trigonophylla | 240 |
N trigonophylla N rustica | 241 |
N rustica | 242 |
N rustica | 243 |
N rustica N tabacum | 244 |
N tabacum | 245 |
N tabacum | 246 |
N bigelovii | 247 |
N bigelovii N multivalvis | 248 |
N multivalvis N quadrivalvis | 249 |
N quadrivalvis | 250 |
N glauca | 251 |
N acuminata N clevelandii | 252 |
N palmeri N sylvestris | 253 |
Pollen key | 256 |
The Role of Tobacco in | 265 |
Mountain tobacco growing in front of a Navajo hogan | 272 |
NonNicotiana species used as tobacco by the Navajo | 274 |
Huichol Indian child laborer drinking water from a pesticide container | 276 |
Grandfather Fire in a yarn painting by Mariano Valadez | 278 |
Crow Indian tobacco garden | 287 |
Martha Bad Warrior holding the White Buffalo Calf Pipe of the Lakota | 292 |
Captain John at the Hupa village of Medildin | 294 |
Biochemistry Addiction and the Development | 305 |
Examples of how native North American spirits crave tobacco | 309 |
Nicotine nornicotine and anabasine in tobacco species used by native North Americans | 318 |
Nicotine and alkaloids in North American tobacco species not used by Native Americans | 320 |
Alkaloids in domesticated tobacco species | 321 |
Past and Present | 331 |
Risks of major disease categories causally related to cigarettes | 333 |
Selected surveys of cigarette smoking among American Indians | 335 |
Mortality rates for smokingrelated causes of death 19861988 | 336 |
Mortality rates for respiratory causes of death American Indians and Alaska Natives 19841988 | 337 |
Average annual cancer incidence rates 19781981 | 339 |
The Huichol Indians Tobacco and Pesticides | 342 |
Yarn tabla by José Benítez Sánchez and Tutukila Carrillo | 344 |
Pesticides used in Mexican tobacco fields | 351 |
Deer Persons Gift or Columbuss Curse? | 353 |
Diffusion of trade tobacco to North American tribes 16031743 | 359 |
Sources of Native Americans tobacco in the eastern woodlands | 361 |
How Coyote Learned | 382 |
List of Contributors | 435 |