Instrumentation Between Science, State and IndustryB. Joerges, Terry Shinn Springer Science & Business Media, 2001 - 270 pages these. In this book, we appropriate their conception of research-technology, and ex tend it to many other phenomena which are less stable and less localized in time and space than the Zeeman/Cotton situation. In the following pages, we use the concept for instances where research activities are orientated primarily toward technologies which facilitate both the production of scientific knowledge and the production of other goods. In particular, we use the tenn for instances where instruments and meth ods· traverse numerous geographic and institutional boundaries; that is, fields dis tinctly different and distant from the instruments' and methods' initial focus. We suggest that instruments such as the ultra-centrifuge, and the trajectories of the men who devise such artefacts, diverge in an interesting way from other fonns of artefacts and careers in science, metrology and engineering with which students of science and technology are more familiar. The instrument systems developed by re search-technologists strike us as especially general, open-ended, and flexible. When tailored effectively, research-technology instruments potentially fit into many niches and serve a host of unrelated applications. Their multi-functional character distin guishes them from many other devices which are designed to address specific, nar rowly defined problems in a circumscribed arena in and outside of science. Research technology activities link universities, industry, public and private research or me trology establishments, instrument-making finns, consulting companies, the military, and metrological agencies. Research-technology practitioners do not follow the career path of the traditional academic or engineering professional. |
Contents
A FRESH LOOK AT INSTRUMENTATION AN INTRODUCTION | 1 |
ResearchTechnology | 2 |
Science and Society | 4 |
Science and Engineering | 5 |
Theory and Experiment | 6 |
A Specific Kind of Instrumentation | 7 |
Generic Devices | 9 |
DisEmbedding ReEmbedding | 10 |
PURVIEWS OF GENERIC INSTRUMENTS | 119 |
IN SEARCH OF SPACE FOURIER SPECTROSCOPY 19501970 | 121 |
The Technology and its Proponents | 122 |
The 1957 Bellevue Conference | 127 |
New Communities and Their Patrons | 128 |
Provoking Opposition | 129 |
Tactics of the Fourier Community | 130 |
Fate of the Community | 138 |
The Book | 11 |
ORIGINS OF THE RESEARCHTECHNOLOGY COMMUNITY | 15 |
FROM THEODOLITE TO SPECTRAL APPARATUS JOSEPH VON FRAUNHOFER AND THE INVENTION OF A GERMAN OPTICAL RESEARC... | 17 |
Fraunhofers Metrology of Optical Glass Manufacturing | 18 |
Public and Private Knowledge at Closter Benediktbeuern | 20 |
The Invention of a ResearchTechnological Tradition | 22 |
Conclusion | 26 |
THE RESEARCHTECHNOLOGY MATRIX GERMAN ORIGINS 18601900 | 29 |
The Backdrop | 31 |
The Neutsche Gesellschaft for Mechanik und Optik | 33 |
Prosopography | 36 |
Staatliche Forschung | 37 |
Academia | 39 |
Industry | 40 |
Artisans and Consultancy | 41 |
Engineering | 42 |
Instrument Politics | 43 |
Trajectory Structure | 45 |
INTERSTITIAL WORLDS | 49 |
DISPLACING RADIOACTIVITY | 51 |
The Uses of Accumulation | 52 |
The Curie Laboratories and the Radium Industry | 55 |
The Metrology of Radioactivity | 58 |
The Institut Du Radium as a Generic Institution | 60 |
Conclusion | 63 |
STRANGE COOPERATIONS THE US RESEARCHTECHNOLOGY PERSPECTIVE 19001955 | 69 |
Success and paradox 19001930 | 71 |
A NarrowNiche GroundSwell | 72 |
A New Focus | 74 |
The Review of Scientific Instruments | 75 |
Instrument Citation | 77 |
ResearchTechnology Versus NarrowNiche Instruments | 79 |
The Instrument Publishing Company | 80 |
The Instrument Society of America | 82 |
Strange Cooperations | 84 |
Crossing Boundaries | 86 |
Men out of Academia | 87 |
Men out of Industry | 91 |
Exit | 93 |
MEDIATING BETWEEN PLANT SCIENCE AND PLANT BREEDING THE ROLE OF RESEARCHTECHNOLOGY | 97 |
A Case Study | 98 |
Plant Genetics and Plant Breeding in the 1990s | 100 |
Three Types of Research | 101 |
Technology in the Form of PlantGene Technology and PlantCell Biology | 103 |
Research Practice Developing Generic Devices | 105 |
Interpretational Framework Competing Repertoires | 109 |
Between TheoryOriented ProductOriented Plant Biology | 111 |
ProductOriented Research | 112 |
The Role of ResearchTechonology in Biology and its Future | 115 |
Conclusion | 139 |
PUTTING ISOTOPES TO WORK LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTERS 19501970 | 143 |
Radiolabels in Biological and Medical Research | 145 |
Early Steps in Radiation measurement | 147 |
Liquid Scintillation Counting | 149 |
Testing a Commercial Prototype | 152 |
Making the Instrument Work for Inexperienced Personnel | 158 |
Between Industry and Customers | 164 |
An Interdisciplinary and International Network | 166 |
Instead of a Conclusion | 170 |
MAKING MICE AND OTHER DEVICES THE DYNAMICS OF INSTRUMENTATION IN AMERICAN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH 19301960 | 175 |
The Rockefeller Foundation Ultracentrifuges and Mices | 176 |
Making Ultracentrifuges | 177 |
The Jackson Laboratory and the Origins of Inbred Mice | 178 |
Electron Microscopy and Big Biomedicine | 180 |
Mass Production InstrumentCentered Research and Flexible Uses of Mice | 183 |
Screening Drugs and Producing Mice | 184 |
Making Mouse Mutants at the Jackson Laboratory | 186 |
ResearchTechnology Standard Mice and Flexible Uses | 189 |
Conclusion | 192 |
STANDARDIZED LANGUAGES | 197 |
FROM DYNAMOMETERS TO SIMULATIONS TRANSFORMING BRAKE TESTING TECHNOLOGY INTO ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEMS | 199 |
The Inertia Dynamometer | 200 |
Skidding and the Research Programs of the Road Research Laboratory | 202 |
Enter Dunlop Rubber Company | 205 |
Formation of a ResearchTechnology Community | 208 |
Constraints and Problems in Brake Testing | 212 |
Bridging the Gap from ResearchTechnology to Antilock Braking Systems | 213 |
FROM THE LABORATORY TO THE MARKET THE METROLOGICAL ARENAS OF RESEARCHTECHNOLOGY | 219 |
From Atmospheric Chemistry to Urban Pollution Monitoring | 221 |
DOAS as a ResearchTechnology | 223 |
A Metrological Puzzle | 225 |
Experimental Metrology in Action | 227 |
Official Metrology and the Practices of Precision | 230 |
A Market for DOAS Instruments | 233 |
ResearchTechnology and the Diversity of Metrological Arenas | 236 |
IN CONCLUSION | 239 |
RESEARCHTECHNOLOGY IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AN ATTEMPT AT RECONSTRUCTION | 241 |
DisciplineRelated Science and Technology Studies | 242 |
Transitory Science and Technology Studies | 243 |
Transverse Science and Technology Studies | 244 |
Generic Instrumentation Divisions of Labor and Differentiation | 245 |
Generic Instrumentation ReEmbedding and Cohesion | 246 |
249 | |
List of Contributors | 259 |
Bibliographical Notes on Contributors | 261 |
265 | |
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Common terms and phrases
academia academic American antilock braking systems antiskid apparatus applications arena Armet Armet de Lisle Beams Berlin Bernward Joerges Boudia braking systems calibration cancer chemical Chicago commercial Company counter Curie's devices disc brake DOAS instruments dynamometer electron engineering experience experimental Fellgett field Fourier spectroscopy France Fraunhofer Fraunhofer's Gaudillière gene genetics German groups industry Institute instru Instrument Society interstitial involved Jackson Laboratory Jesse Beams Joerges Journal knowledge liquid scintillation counting Lister Loewenherz machine Marie Curie measurement mechanics ment metrological metrologists mice mutants narrow-niche instrument nuclear Nucleonics obese optical organization Packard physics plant breeding polonium practices practitioners precision problems product-oriented research production published radioactive radium Rapkin re-embedding research-technology Review of Scientific Rheinberger Rockefeller Foundation sample science and technology Scientific Instruments scientists Shinn skidding social Society of America spectrometers strument technical techniques testing theory tion type of research ultracentrifuge vehicle wheel
Popular passages
Page 251 - Circulating mice and viruses: The Jackson Memorial Laboratory, the National Cancer Institute, and the genetics of breast cancer, 1930-1965, in M.
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