Qui ergo tribuit vobis Spiritum et operatur virtutes in vobis: ex operibus legis, an ex auditu fidei? He therefore that giveth to you the Spirit and worketh mighty works among you: doth he it by the works of the law, or by the hearing of faith? See also Isa. ii, 16. Gal. iii, METHODS OF ASKING QUESTIONS. 5. 194. In Cl. L. direct questions which may be answered by either yes or no are expressed by adding the particle ne to an emphatic word at the beginning of the sentence. In the Vg. there is often nothing but the context to show if a sentence is a question or not. Pilatus vocavit Jesum et dixit ei: Tu es rex Judaeorum? Pilate called Jesus and said to him: Art thou the king of the Jews? Jn. xviii, 33. 195. If an affirmative answer is expected to the question it is introduced by nonne and in the Vg. by an. Domine, Domine, nonne in nomine tuo prophetavimus? Lord, An nescitis quoniam sancti de mundo judicabunt? Do ye not know that the saints shall judge concerning the world? I Cor. vi, 2. See also Mt. xxvi, 53; Rom. iii, 29, vi, 3. Numquid non is also found in the Vg. in this sense: Rom. x, 18. 196. If a negative answer is expected to the question it is introduced by num in Cl. L. and by numquid in the Vg. Respondit Pilatus: Numquid ego Judaeus sum? Pilate answered: Am I a Jew? Jn. xviii, 35. Num is apparently not found in the Vg. N.T. It is found in the O.T. Num custos fratris mei ego sum? Am I my brother's keeper? Gen. iv, 9. Both methods of asking a question are seen in this example: Alii dicebant: Hic est Christus. Quidam autem dicebant: Numquid à Galilaea venit Christus? Nonne scriptura dicit: Quia ex semine David...venit Christus? Others said: This is Christ. But certain said: Does Christ come out of Galilee? Does not the scripture say that Christ comes of the seed of David? Jn. vii, 41. See also Mk iv, 21. 197. In the Vg. si is often used in imitation of Gk. to introduce both direct and indirect questions. Dixitque ad eos: Si Spiritum Sanctum accepistis credentes? At N. E. L. 7 198. Questions may be introduced by the interrogative pronoun quis or by expressions compounded with it such as quomodo or ut quid, which is an imitation of the Gk. ἵνα τί or εἰς τί. See Mt. ix, 4, xxvi, 8; Acts vii, 26; I Cor. x, 29. Quid is used in the sense of cur=why in Mt. xx, 6. Alternative or double questions are expressed by utrum...an, see Jn. vii, 17, or by an alone in the second member of the question. The latter is the usual method in the Vg. Tu es qui venturus es, an alium expectamus? Art thou he that should come, or are we to look for another? Mt. xi, 3. Quem vultis dimittam vobis: Barabbam, an Jesum qui dicitur Christus? Which do you wish that I should release for you: Barabbas, or Jesus who is called Christ? Mt. xxvii, 17.. Notice the use of the interrogative pronoun quem here where utrum would have been used in Cl. L. See also Jn. xviii, 34. ADJECTIVES. 199. An adjective whether used as an attribute of a noun or to complete a predicate agrees with the noun which it qualifies in number, gender and case. Sometimes, however, if the noun is a collective noun, the adjective agrees rather with the idea that is signified by the noun than with the grammatical number and gender of the noun (constructio ad sensum). Sed turba haec, quae non novit legem, maledicti sunt. But this Multitudo militiae caelestis laudantium Deum et dicentium.... Lk. ii, 13. 200. Adjectives are often used as equivalent to nouns, the masculine denoting men, or people in general of the kind described by the adjective, the feminine women, the neuter things. Resurrectio justorum et iniquorum. A resurrection of the just and the unjust. Acts xxiv, 15. Invisibilia enim ipsius...per ea quae facta sunt intellecta conspiciuntur. For the invisible things of him...being understood by the things that are made, are perceived. Rom. i, 20. The neuter of the adjective may be used in the sense of an abstract noun. Salutare = salvation, Lk ii, 30. 201. The adjective unus is used in the Vg. in the sense of the indefinite article. This use became general in the Romance languages. Et accessit ad eum una ancilla dicens: Et tu cum Jesu Galilaeo eras. And there came to him a maid and said: Thou also wert with Jesus the Galilaean. See also Mt. xxi, 19. Mt. xxvi, 69. 202. The adjective omnis is used with a negative to express a strong negative statement or command in imitation of Heb. Et nisi breviati fuissent dies illi, non fieret salva omnis caro.... And unless those days had been shortened, no living thing would be saved. Mt. xxiv, 22. Omnis sermo malus ex ore vestro non procedat. Let no corrupt speech proceed out of your mouth. Eph. iv, 29. See also Rom. iii, 20; I Cor. i, 29; Rev. xviii, 22. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 203. The positive degree of an adjective may be used in the Vg. in the sense of a comparative. Bonum est tibi...in vitam intrare...quam mitti in gehennam. The positive may be used in the sense of a superlative. The superlative may be used in the sense of the comparative. 204. The ordinary const. after an adj. in the comparative degree in Cl. L. to express the object with which the comparison is made is to put the word which denotes this object in the Abl. case, or to use quam. Amen dico vobis, non surrexit inter natos mulierum major Johanne Baptista. Verily I say to you, there has not arisen any one greater than John the Baptist among those born of women. Mt. xi, II. Qui amat patrem aut matrem plus quam me, non est me dignus. He who loves father or mother more than me is not worthy of me. Mt. x, 37. In the Vg. in imitation of Heb. the preps. a, ex, prae, super may be used after an adjective in the comparative degree, or even a Gen. case, in imitation of Gk. See Lk. xiii, 2, xviii, 14; II Cor. xii, 11; Heb. ii, 7, iii, 3; Ps. xviii, II, CXxxviii, 6, and section 32 of this book. PREPOSITIONS. 205. The use of prepositions in Ecc. L. differs somewhat from their use in Cl. L. This is due in the first place to the natural development of the language. Prepositions are used with increasing frequency in the place of simple cases, until, in the Romance languages, they have replaced the cases altogether. In the Vg. the influence of Heb., felt through the LXX and also in the direct translation of the O.T. by Jerome, has given rise to some very peculiar methods of expressing comparison and the instrument, by means of prepositions. Greek is rich in prepositions and in delicate shades of meaning expressed by using the same preposition with different cases. The Latin translators have on the whole been very successful in rendering these Gk. prepositions into Latin; but, in so doing, they have somewhat deviated from normal Latin usage. It has been thought well to give the Gk. originals of which the usages of the Latin prepositions given below are translations. PREPOSITIONS GOVERNING AN ABLATIVE CASE. 206. A, Ab, Abs. Usual meaning from, or by (of the agent). Representing Gk. άπó, vπó with gen., rarely ék, and in comparisons Tapá with accusative or genitive, or simple genitive. Discedite a me qui operamini iniquitatem. (aÓ.) Omnia mihi tradita sunt a Patre meo. (vπó.) Mt. vii, 23. Mt. xi, 27. In Late Latin a is used even with the names of towns etc. So it is used of the Instrument: Other uses to translate Gk. áπó and ¿K. Jas. iii, 4. Mt. vii, 15, X, 17. Invenit...hominem... ab annis octo jacentem in grabatto... (ek.) Jesum a Nazareth.... (áπó.) Acts ix, 33. Acts x, 38; Mk. xv, 43; Jn. i, 44. Perdidisti omnes qui fornicantur abs te. (áró.) Ps. lxxii, 27. A is used in comparisons even where there is no adjective or adverb in the comparative degree in imitation of Heb. 12. II Cor. xii, II. Nihil enim minus fui ab iis.... (Gen.) Minuisti eum paulominus ab angelis. (apá, acc.) Heb. ii, 7, from Ps. viii, 6. Ps. lxxii, 25. Et a te quid volui super terram? (πapá, gen.) In the Psalms a is used in the sense of because of. A voce gemitus mei adhaesit os meum carni meae. (άπó.) Ps. cii, 6, II, xxxvii, 6; xliii, 17. 207. Absque. Not used in Cl. L. In Early and Late Latin used in sense of sine = without. Represents Gk. xwpís, privative ȧ and aπó in composition. Tentatum autem per omnia pro similitudine absque peccato. (χωρίς.) Absque foedere.... (ασπόνδους.) Absque synagogis facient vos. (aπoσvvaywyovs.) Heb. iv, 15. Rom. i, 31. Jn. xvi, 2. 208. Coram. Usual meaning in the presence of, openly, before. Representing Gk. ἔμπροσθεν, ἐναντίον, ἐνώπιον. Sic luceat lux vestra coram hominibus.... (μπрoσlev.) Mt. v, 16. Et placuit sermo coram omni multitudine.... (ẻvavtíov.) 209. Clam. Usual meaning secretly. Not used as a preposition in the N.T. but as an adverb, to translate λápa, Mt. ii, 7. Used as prep. in Gen. xxxi, 26, xlvii, 18. 210. Cum. Usual meaning together with, in company with, also used to express the manner in which an action is done. Representing Gk. μerá with gen., σúv, èv, or the simple dative. Filius enim hominis venturus est in gloria Patris sui cum angelis suis.... (μetά.) Mt. xvi, 27. Et rogabat illum vir, a quo daemonia exierant, ut cum eo esset. |