tion if it is qualified by an adjective: if it is not qualified by an adjective, the preposition cum is used before it.

At illi instabant vocibus magnis postulantes ut crucifigeretur.
But they were urgent with loud voices demanding that he should
be crucified.
Lk. xxiii, 23.

Qui autem supra petrosa seminatus est, hic est qui verbum audit, et continuo cum gaudio accipit illud. But he that was sown on the stony places, this is he who hears the word, and immediately with joy receives it. Mt. xiii, 20. The preposition is used in Ecc. L. even when the noun denoting manner is qualified by an adjective.

Qui susceperunt verbum cum omni aviditate.... For they received the word with all eagerness... Acts xvii, II.

49. Verbs and adjectives denoting filling or equipping may be followed by a word in the Abl. denoting that with which the filling or equipping is done.

In the Vg. such verbs and adjectives may be followed by a word in the Gen. in imitation of Gk.

O plene omni dolo, et omni fallacia.... O full of all guile and all deceit.... Acts xiii, 10. Et impletae sunt nuptiae discumbentium. And the wedding was furnished with guests. Mt. xxii, 10. Plenum gratiae et veritatis. Full of grace and truth. Jn. i, 14.

50. The Ablative of Price. The word which denotes the price at which anything is bought, sold or hired, is put in the Abl. case. Quare hoc unguentum non veniit trecentis denariis? Why was not this unguent sold for three hundred pence?

See also Mk. vi, 37; Acts xxii, 28.

Jn. xii, 5.

51. The Ablative Absolute. A noun or pronoun in the Abl. case with a predicative participle, or adjective, or even another noun agreeing with it, is used to denote an incident that accompanies or explains the action of the verb on which it depends like an adverbial clause. This construction is very common in Latin, and is called the Ablative Absolute, because it is independent of, or loosed from (absolutus), the main structure of the sentence.

The Abl. in this construction is an Abl. of accompanying circumstances. A phrase of this kind is generally best translated into Eng. by an Adverbial clause. The kind of Adverbial clause most

suitable for the translation of any particular instance of this construction is determined by the context; generally speaking it will be either a clause of Time, a clause of Cause, or a clause of Concession. See sections 153, 156, 166.

The noun in the Ablative Absolute construction should not denote the same person or thing as the subject or object of the clause on which it depends.

This rule is however frequently violated in Ecc. L.

In Eng. there is a similar construction which is called the Nominative Absolute.

It is seen in the following sentence:

This done, he went home.

In Latin this sentence would be:
Hoc facto domum abiit.

A closer parallel is seen in the colloquial use of a phrase beginning with with:

"With things being so dear I shall never be able to manage it.”

Examples of the Ablative Absolute:

1. Equivalent to a clause of Time.

Et ejecto daemone, locutus est mutus. And when the devil was driven out, the dumb man spake.

Mt. ix, 33.

Et cum haec dixisset, videntibus illis, elevatus est. And when he had said this, as they were looking on, he was taken up. Acts i, 9.

2. Equivalent to a clause of Cause.

In quo admirantur non concurrentibus vobis in eandem luxuriae confusionem. In which they wonder, because you do not run with them into the same slough of debauchery. I Pet. iv, 4.

The following are examples of the ungrammatical use of the Abl. Absolute, where the noun in the Abl. refers to the same person as the object of the clause with which the Abl. Absolute is connected.

Et ascendente eo in naviculum, secuti sunt eum discipuli ejus. And when he went up into a ship, his disciples followed him. Mt. viii, 23.

Paulo autem volente intrare in populum, non permiserunt discipuli. But when Paul wished to go in to the people, the disciples suffered him not. Acts xix, 30. See also Mt. viii, 34, ix, 27; Acts vii, 21, x, 19, xx, I.

Rarely a participle stands in the Abl. by itself in this sense:

Videntes autem Petri constantiam et Johannis, comperto quod homines essent sine litteris et idiotae.... But seeing the boldness of Peter and John, and finding out that they were unlettered and ordinary men.... Acts iv, 13. The following is a very harsh example of an Abl. Absolute used to translate a Gk. active participle agreeing with the subject of the main clause.

Quo statim cognito Jesus spiritu suo quia sic cogitarent intra se.

This is untranslatable as it stands. It is meant to translate the Gk. καὶ εὐθέως ἐπιγνοὺς ὁ Ἰησοῦς τῷ πνεύματι αὐτοῦ ὅτι οὕτως διαλογίζονται ἐν ἑαυτοῖς.

Mk. ii, 8.

52. Locative Ablative, or Ablative of Place or Time, generally translated 'in' or 'at.'

Ablative of Place. The Abl. case is used to denote the place in which, or the time at which anything happens.

In Ecc. L. it is often preceded by a preposition where one would not be used in Cl. L.

The way in which the place at which anything happens is expressed in Cl. L. is somewhat peculiar.

Generally speaking the preposition in is used followed by a noun in the Abl. case; but if the place spoken of is a town or small island the name of the town or small island is put in the so-called Locative case. This ends in ae in singular nouns of the 1st declension and in i in singular nouns of the 2nd declension. In the plural of these declensions, and in the 3rd declension, the ending of the Loc. case is the same as the ending of the Abl.

Examples:

Romae, At Rome. Corinthi, At Corinth. Athenis, At Athens. The Loc. case is also found in the words domi at home: rure in the country: foris out of doors.

In Ecc. L. the Loc. is sometimes found in the names of towns: sometimes in with the Abl. is used.

Erat autem quidam discipulus Damasci.... But there was a certain disciple at Damascus..

Acts ix, 10.

Paulus autem, cum Athenis eos expectaret.... But Paul, when he was waiting for them at Athens....

Et erat vir in Lystris infirmus pedibus....

man in Lystra lame in his feet....

Acts xvii, 16. And there was a

Acts xiv, 7.

53. A kind of Loc. Abl. is used to express the thing in respect of which a statement is made, especially in words denoting a part of the body or mind. This is sometimes called the Abl. of Respect. Vir infirmus pedibus.... A man lame in his feet....

Acts xiv, 7.

Beati pauperes spiritu. Blessed are the poor in spirit.

Mt. v, 3. Fratres, nolite pueri effici sensibus: sed malitia parvuli estote. Brethren, do not become children in sense: but in malice be ye babes. I Cor. xiv, 20.

Sed ad sua desideria coacervabunt sibi magistros, prurientes auribus. But at their desire they will heap up to themselves teachers: itching in the ears. II Tim. iv, 3. Mt. ix, 9.

Mattheum nomine. Matthew by name.

See also Acts vii, 51.

54. Ablative of Time. The time at which anything happens is denoted by the Abl. when the noun denotes a period of time. In Ecc. L. a preposition may be used.

Quinta autem vigilia noctis venit ad eos, ambulans supra mare. But in the fifth watch of the night he came to them, walking on the sea. Mt. xiv, 25.

In diebus autem illis venit Johannes Baptista, praedicans in deserto Judaeae. But in those days John the Baptist came preaching in the desert of Judea. Mt. iii, 1.

55. The Abl. of nouns denoting a period of time may be used to denote the time within which anything happens.

This use is widely extended in the Vg. to denote the time during which anything takes place, which is denoted in Cl. L. by the Acc. case.

Quadraginta et sex annis aedificatum est templum hoc, et tu tribus diebus excitabis illud? Forty and six years was this temple in building, and wilt thou raise it up in three days?

Jn. ii, 20. Tanto tempore vobiscum sum? Have I been so long with you? Jn. xiv, 9.

Quid hic statis tota die otiosi? Why stand ye here all the day idle? Mt. xx, 6. Et erat tribus diebus non videns. And he was three days without sight. Acts ix, 9.

56. The Adjectival Ablative or Ablative of Description describes a person or thing. The noun in the Abl. generally denotes a feature of the body or mind and is always qualified by an adjective.

Patres, nolite ad indignationem provocare filios vestros, ut non pusillo animo fiant. Fathers, do not provoke your children to wrath, that they may not become of feeble mind. Col. iii, 21. Beati mundo corde. Blessed are the pure in heart. Mt. v, 8.

57. Ablatives used with verbs. The Abl. is used after certain verbs which are not transitive in Latin as they are in Eng. The commonest of these verbs are:

utor, I use.
fruor, I enjoy.

potior, I get possession of.

careo, I am without.

egeo, indigeo, I need.

fungor, I perform.

Ego autem nullo horum usus sum. But I have used none of these things. I Cor. ix, 15. Pro Christo ergo legatione fungimur. We therefore perform the office of ambassador on behalf of Christ. II Cor. v, 20.

Et civitas non eget sole neque luna, ut luceant in ea. And the city needs not the sun or moon to shine in it.

Rev. xxi, 23. Egeo is used with a Gen. in imitation of Gk. in Rev. iii, 17.

58. The adjectives dignus and indignus are generally followed by a noun in the Abl.

In the Vg. they are sometimes followed by a noun in the Gen. in imitation of Gk.

Dignus est operarius cibo suo. The workman is worthy of
his food.
Mt. x, 10.
Amplioris enim gloriae iste prae Mose dignus habitus est.
For he was thought worthy of more glory than Moses.

Heb. iii, 3.

PRONOUNS.

59. A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun to point out or enumerate persons or things without naming them.

Many words classed as pronouns can be used as adjectives to define or point out nouns.