A Future Subj. is formed from the Future Participle and the Present Subj. of esse. Nolite putare quia ego accusaturus sim vos apud Patrem. Do not think that I shall accuse you to the Father. Jn. v, 45. 92. Periphrastic tenses formed with habere and facere. The beginning of the periphrastic formation of tenses which resulted in the forms now used for the Future tenses in French and Italian is to be discerned in Ecc. L. The use began in the employment of the verb habere in its ordinary sense with an explanatory Inf. This is found in the Classics. Adhuc multa habeo vobis dicere. I have yet many things to say to you. Jn. xvi, 12. Quia non habent retribuere tibi. Because they have not (anything) whence to pay you back. Lk. xiv, 14. Hence arises a sense of future necessity: Baptismo autem habeo baptizari. But I have a baptism with which I must be baptised. Lk. xii, 50. Habes, homo, imprimis aetatem venerare aquarum, quod antiqua substantia. First, O man, you must venerate the age of water; because it is an ancient substance. Tert. de Bapt. iii. Aquas video quas videbam quotidie: istae me habent mundare in quas saepe descendi, et nunquam sanatus sum. I see water which I was used to see every day: it has got to cleanse me, though I have often gone down into it, and I have never been cleansed. Ambrose, de Mysteriis, iv, 19. 93. Habere is also found as an auxiliary verb with a past participle—a construction which became the normal way of expressing the pluperfect tense in Italian and French1. Tantum autem auditum habebant.... Only they had heard.... 94. The Infinitive is used with the verb facere in the sense of causation. Et adduxerunt asinam et pullum, et imposuerunt super eos vestimenta sua, et eum desuper sedere fecerunt. And they brought the ass and the colt and put on them their clothes, and they made him sit thereon. Mt. xxi, 7. 1 Compare "De numero eorum omnia se habere explorata," Caesar, B.G., II. 4. I. 95. The sequence of tenses. The Present, Future, Future Perfect and Perfect (when translated by the English Perfect formed with the auxiliary have) are called Primary tenses. The Imperfect, Pluperfect and Perfect (when translated by the English Past) are called Secondary tenses. When the verb in a principal clause is in a Primary tense, a verb in the Subj. mood in a subordinate clause is in a Primary tense in certain kinds of clauses. When the verb in a principal clause is in a Secondary tense, a verb in the Subj. mood in a subordinate clause is in a Secondary tense in certain kinds of clauses. This rule is not strictly observed in Ecc. L. VOICE. 96. The Active voice is used when the subject of the verb is spoken of as acting or doing something. The Passive voice is used when the subject of the verb is spoken of as suffering or being acted upon. Only Transitive verbs can have a passive voice. There are certain verbs such as to fall and to die which do not speak of the subject as acting, but which are regarded as being in the active voice because they are Intransitive. 97. Certain verbs in Latin are passive in form, but active in meaning. These are called Deponent verbs because the old grammarians thought that they had laid aside a passive and assumed an active meaning. A few verbs such as gaudeo, -ere, gavisus sum have the deponent form only in the Perfect, Pluperfect and Future Perfect tenses. These are called Semi-deponent verbs. THE USE OF THE IMPERATIVE MOOD. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD IN PRINCIPAL CLAUSES. 98. The Imperative Mood is used to express commands and entreaties in the second person singular or plural, and has forms which may be used to express a command given in the third person. Sed, si quid potes, adjuva nos. But, if thou canst do anything, help us. Mk. ix, 22. Dixit ergo Jesus: Facite homines discumbere. Therefore Jesus said: Make the men sit down. Jn. vi, 10. In Ecc. L. the second person of the Present Subj. is used to express a command or entreaty. Nec doleas, quod talem amiseris, sed gaudeas, quod talem habueris. Do not grieve because you have lost such a man, but rejoice because you had him. Jerome, Ep. 60. The Present Subjunctive is generally used to express a command or entreaty in the first or third person. This use of the Subj. is called the Jussive Subjunctive. Nam Deus dixit: Honora patrem et matrem; et: Qui maledixerit patri vel matri morte moriatur. For God said: Honour thy father and mother; and: If any curse his father or his mother, let him surely die. Mt. xv, 4. Sometimes sine or sinite allow is prefixed to the Subj. Sine ejiciam festucam de oculo tuo. Let me cast out the mote out of thine eye. = Mt. vii, 4. 99. Prohibitions are negative commands or entreaties. The Imperative is not used in prohibitions, except in poetry. Prohibitions are expressed in prose: (1) By noli or nolite followed by an Inf. (2) By ne (or non in Ecc. L.) followed by the Perfect Subj. (3) By ne or non followed by the Present Subj. (4) By vide followed by a negative and the Present or Perfect Subj. The first two methods are regularly used in Cl. prose. The last two are often found in Ecc. L. (1) Noli vexare illum. Trouble him not. Lk. viii, 49. Nolite dare sanctum canibus, neque mittatis margaritas vestras ante porcos. Do not give that which is holy to the dogs, and do not cast your pearls before swine. Mt. vii, 6. (2) In viam gentium ne abieritis, et in civitates Samaritanorum ne intraveritis. Go not into the way of the Gentiles, and into the cities of the Samaritans enter ye not. Mt. x, 5. Nihil feceris tibi mali. Do thyself no harm. Acts xvi, 28. (3) Nec vocemini magistri. Be not ye called masters. Mt. xxiii, 10. Non mireris quia dixi tibi: Oportet vos nasci denuo. Marvel not that I said to thee: Ye must be born again. Jn. iii, 7. Qui furabatur, jam non furetur, magis autem laboret. Let him that stole steal no more, but rather let him labour. Eph. iv, 28. (4) Videte ne contemnatis unum ex his pusillis. See that ye Vide nemini dixeris. See thou tell no man. 100. An emphatic and absolute prohibition may be expressed by omnis and a verb in the Present Subj. negatived by non in imitation of Heb. Omnis sermo malus ex ore vestro non procedat. Let no corrupt speech proceed out of your mouth. Eph. iv, 29. 101. Hortatory Subjunctive. Besides expressing commands the Subj. may express an exhortation or a wish. Transeamus usque Bethleem, et videamus hoc verbum quod factum est. Let us go to Bethlehem and see this thing which has come to pass. Lk. ii, 15. In expressing a wish the Present Subj. denotes that the wish is still possible, the Imperfect Subj. or Pluperfect Subj. that it is unaccomplished in present time, or in certain cases that it is impossible. Utinam is often used before the Past tenses of the Subj. when they express an unaccomplished wish. Sanctificetur nomen tuum: adveniat regnum tuum. Hal- 102. Deliberative Subjunctive. In Cl. L. the Subj. is used in deliberative questions when a person asks himself or another what he is to do. In Ecc. L. the Future or the Present Ind. is also often used in this sense. Subj. Euntes emamus denariis ducentis panes? Are we to go and buy two hundred pennyworth of bread? Mk. vi, 37. Fut. Quid faciemus et nos? What shall we do? he that should come, or are we to look for another? Lk. iii, 14. Art thou Mt. xi, 3. 103. Potential Subjunctive. The Subj. is used to express an action which is not regarded as actual, but only as possible or conceivable. Expressions of this kind may be regarded as the apodoses1 of conditional sentences where the condition is not expressed. The Subj. is rarely used in this sense in the Vg. Profecto curasset eum a lepra, quam habet. Surely he would cure him of the leprosy which he has. II Kings v, 2. Vix enim pro justo quis moritur: nam pro bono forsitan quis audeat mori. For scarcely for a just man does one die, but perhaps for a good man one would dare to die. Rom. v, 7. Vellem autem esse apud vos modo, et mutare vocem meam. But I should like to be among you now and to change my tone. Gal. iv, 20. See also Mt. xxv, 27. The above uses of the Subj. are the only ones which occur in independent sentences and principal clauses. NOUN CLAUSES. THE IMPORTANCE OF DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN DIFFERENT 104. Many of the difficulties that beginners find in mastering a foreign language arise from the fact that they do not consider the meaning of some of the words that most frequently occur, but look only at their form. Some of these words which are in common use are employed in several totally different senses. Take for example the Eng. word that. It may be (1) A Demonstrative Pronoun or Adjective trans. by the Latin ille, etc. Give me that. Da mihi illud. I see that woman. Illam mulierem video. (2) A Relative Pronoun trans. by Latin qui, etc. I have the book that you bought. Librum, quem emisti, habeo. I see the man that sent for me. Virum, qui me arcessivit, video. (3) A Conjunction introducing a clause of purpose trans. by Latin ut. I came that I might see you. Ut te viderem, veni. (4) A Conjunction introducing a clause of consequence trans. by Latin ut or ita ut. 1 See section 167. |