refers to an actual event or fact, it is called a Definite Relative Clause. When a relative clause refers to a supposed event or instance and hence implies a condition, it is called an Indefinite Relative Clause. The verb in a definite relative clause is in the Ind. mood, as it is in Eng.; unless the clause comes under one of the classes specified below which have their verb in the Subj. Example: Nonne ecce omnes isti qui loquuntur Galilaei sunt? Are not all these who speak Galilaeans? Acts ii, 7. 150. The verb in a definite relative clause is in the Subj. mood. (1) To indicate that the person or thing denoted by the antecedent is capable of performing, or is of such a character as to be likely to perform or to suffer the action denoted by the relative clause. Such clauses may be called Characterising Relative Clauses. Viri Ephesii, quis enim est hominum, qui nesciat Ephesiorum civitatem cultricem esse magnae Dianae? Men of Ephesus, what man is there that does not know that the city of the Ephesians is a worshipper of great Diana? Acts xix, 35. Quia adversarius vester diabolus tamquam leo rugiens cir- Filius autem hominis non habet ubi caput reclinet. For the See also Acts xi, 17, xiii, 11; Jn. xii, 48; I Kings xviii, 26. The following uses are akin to the above: (a) A Subj. is sometimes found in a relative clause when the principal clause has for its predication the idea of existence. Ego autem non quaero gloriam meam: est qui quaerat et judicet1. But I do not seek my own glory: there is one that seeks and judges. Jn. viii, 50. Omnes declinaverunt, simul inutiles facti sunt, non est qui faciat bonum, non est usque ad unum. They have all gone out 1 This is the reading of SC. WW has Ind. in both verbs. of the way, they have all together become profitless, there is not one that doeth good, no not one. Rom. iii, 12. (b) A relative clause with the verb in the Subj. is sometimes found after the adjectives dignus and indignus. Et si in vobis judicabitur mundus, indigni estis, qui de minimis judicetis? And if the world shall be judged by you, are you unworthy to judge the smallest matters? I Cor. vi, 2. (2) The Subj. is used in a relative clause if the clause expresses purpose, consequence, or cause. Purpose: Et observantes miserunt insidiatores, qui se justos simularent. And observing him they sent forth spies who should feign themselves to be just men. Lk. xx, 20. Consequence: Quis enim novit sensum Domini, qui instruat eum? For who (3) When a relative clause forms part of a sentence in an indirect statement or question, and generally when it depends on a clause with its verb in the Subj., the verb in the relative clause is put in the Subj. in Cl. L. This rule is not generally observed in the Vg. Et dum intra se haesitaret Petrus quidnam esset visio quam vidisset.... And while Peter doubted in himself what the vision was which he had seen.... Acts x, 17. In Mt. xxvii, 15 there is an example of a relative clause of this kind. It expresses the wish of the people not directly, but indirectly. This construction is called Virtual Oratio Obliqua. The following is an example of the Ind. used in a relative clause of this kind: Venerunt dicentes se etiam visionem angelorum vidisse, qui dicunt eum vivere. They came saying that they had also seen a vision of angels who say that he is alive. Lk. xxiv, 23. In Cl. L. this would be: quid dicerent eum vivere. (4) In Ecc. L. the Subj. is used in relative clauses without any apparent reason. Nec enim nomen aliud est sub caelo datum hominibus, in quo oporteat nos salvos fieri. For there is no other name under heaven given to men whereby we must be saved. Acts iv, 12. 151. The Future Perfect tense is generally used in indefinite relative clauses referring to future time. Non occides: qui autem occiderit reus erit judicio. Thou shalt not kill: but whosoever shall kill shall be guilty so as to be in danger of the judgement. Mt. v, 21. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES. 152. Adverbial Clauses are clauses that stand in relationship of an adverb to some verb in another clause. Adverbial clauses may be divided into eight classes. (1) Clauses of Time. (2) Clauses of Place. (3) Clauses of Cause. (8) Clauses of Comparison. (Temporal Clauses.) The names given in brackets are those given to these clauses in most grammars. They are not very satisfactory, as the words temporal, final, consecutive have quite a different sense in ordinary use to that which they have when used as grammatical terms. These names should however be known, as they are so commonly used. The names given first are those suggested by the Committee on Grammatical Terminology. 153. (1) Clauses of Time denote the time of the action of the verb in the clause on which they depend. They are introduced by the conjunctions cum, ut1, quando, ubi2 postquam dum donec, quando = = = when; before; 1 This use of ut must be carefully distinguished from the uses mentioned in sections 157, 158, 163. 2 ubi nearly always means where in the Vg., but see Gal. iv, 4. The Ind. mood is used in clauses of time introduced by ut, quando, ubi and postquam. (In Ecc. L. the Subj. is rarely found after postquam. Lk. xv, 14; Rev. xxii, 8.) Venit nox, quando nemo potest operari. The night cometh, when no man can work. Jn. ix, 4. Et ut cognovit vocem Petri, prae gaudio non aperuit januam. And when she knew the voice of Peter, she did not open the door for joy. Acts xii, 14. Postquam autem resurrexero, praecedam vos in Galilaeam. But after I am risen, I will go before you into Galilee. Mt. xxvi, 32. 153a. A clause introduced by cum has the verb in the Ind., if the clause only indicates the time of the action of the verb which it qualifies. If the clause introduced by cum denotes the circumstances that lead up to the condition or action of the verb which it qualifies, the verb in the clause introduced by cum is in the Subj. mood. In Ecc. L. the verb in a clause introd. by cum is sometimes put in the Subj. mood without any apparent reason. In the following examples the clause introduced by cum only indicates the time of the action of the verb which it qualifies. In the first three the verb is in the Ind. mood in accordance with Cl. usage: in the fourth the Subj. is used. In veritate dico vobis, multae viduae erant in diebus Heliae in Israel, quando clausum est caelum annis tribus et mensibus sex, cum facta est fames magna in omni terra. I tell you in truth there were many widows in the days of Elias in Israel, when the heaven was shut up for three years and six months, when a great famine took place in all the earth. Lk. iv, 25. Et spiritus immundi, cum eum videbant, procidebant ei. And the unclean spirits, when they saw him, used to fall down before him. Cum ergo venerit, ille nobis annuntiabit omnia. therefore he shall come, he will tell us all things. Mk. iii, II. Cum autem adpropinquaret portae civitatis, et ecce defunctus efferebatur. But when he was drawing near to the gate of the city, behold a dead man was being borne out. Lk. vii, 12. In the following examples the clause introduced by cum denotes not only the time of the action of the main verb, but also the attendant circumstances which explain it, or seem likely to hinder it. Quod cum videret Simon Petrus, procidit ad genua Jesu. And when Simon Peter saw it, he fell down at Jesus' knees. Lk. v, 8. (The clause explains why he fell down.) Quomodo potest homo nasci cum senex sit? How can a man be born when he is old? (His age is likely to prevent his being born.) Jn. iii, 4. Ne forte, cum aliis praedicaverim, ipse reprobus efficiar. (The fact that he has preached to others ought to save him from becoming reprobate; but will it?) 154. In clauses introduced by antequam, priusquam, dum, donec, quoad, either the Ind. or the Subj. mood may be used. The Ind. mood is used in Cl. L. if the clause merely denotes the time of the action of the verb which it qualifies. The Subj. mood is used if the clause refers to an action which is only in prospect and explains the purpose of the action of the verb which it qualifies. Examples: Clause simply denoting time. Antequam abiit, hoc dixit. He said this before he went away. Dum mecum eras, ille in Hispaniam properavit. While you were with me, he hastened into Spain. Clause denoting expectation and purpose. Num expectas donec testimonium dicat? Are you waiting until he gives his evidence? (i.e. with a view to hearing him). Impetum hostium sustinuit donec ceteri scalas ad muros ponerent. He sustained the attack of the enemy until the others could set ladders to the walls. Ad oppidum, antequam milites a terrore se reciperent, properavit. He hastened to the town (so as to be there) before the soldiers should recover themselves from their terror. In Ecc. L. either the Ind. or the Subj. is used in clauses introduced by antequam, priusquam, dum, donec, without any distinction of meaning. The Subj. is more frequently used than the Ind. |