Fingernail Biting: Theory, Research, and Treatment

activity aggression associated awareness Azrin and Nunn Babcock behavior disorders behavioral problems Billig bite his nails bite their nails biters biting behavior bitten Bucher child classified Coleman and McCalley competing reaction control group Copyright cuticle dermatology enuresis Eponychium factors fingernail biting fingernail growth follow-up former nailbiters frequency habit reversal hands havior indicated individual Journal Klackenberg 1971 Koch lunula male malocclusion Malone and Massler Massler and Malone McCalley 1948a ment motor motor learning mouth movements nail bed nail biting nail folds nail growth nail length nail plate nail-picking nailbiting behavior nailbiting habit nailbiting response negative practice nervous habit nonnailbiters normal occur oral mannerisms Pennington and Mearin percentage Perkins and Perkins photographs prevalence of nailbiting procedure psychiatric Psychology reported reprinted with permission self-monitoring Shahovitch significant situations subjects symptom symptomatic Table technique tension Therapy thumb thumb-sucking tion treatment of nailbiting Vargas Viets World Health Organization