entitled "Of Deformity," which likewise accompanied that on Beauty in the edition of 1612:

Whosoever hath anything fixed in his person that doth induce contempt, hath also a perpetual spur in himself to rescue and deliver himself from scorn; therefore all deformed persons are extreme bold; first, as in their own defence as being exposed to scorn, but in process of time by a general habit. Also it stirreth in them industry, and especially of this kind to watch and observe the weakness of others, that they may have somewhat to repay. Again, in their superiors it quencheth jealousy towards them, as persons that they think they may at pleasure despise; and it layeth their competitors and emulators asleep, as never believing they should be in possibility of advancement till they see them in possession, so that upon the matter, in a great wit, deformity is an advantage to rising. .

...

The two next Essays, which are intimately connected, and which both appeared first in 1625, although long, will scarcely admit of curtailment. They are among the most elaborate and interesting in the collection. The Forty-fifth, entitled "Of Building," after some introductory remarks, proceeds as follows:

You cannot have a perfect palace except you have two several sides, a side for the banquet as is spoken of in the book of Esther, and a side for the household; the one for feasts and triumphs and the other for dwelling. I understand both these sides to be not only returns but parts of the front, and to be uniform without, though severally partitioned within, and to be on both sides of a great and stately tower in the midst of the front, that as it were joineth them together on either hand. I would have on the side of the banquet in front one only goodly room above stairs, of some forty foot high, and under it a room for a dressing or preparing place at times of triumphs; on the other side, which is the household side, I wish it divided at the first into a hall and a chapel (with a partition between), both of good state and bigness, and those not to go all the length, but to have at the further end a winter and a summer parlour, both fair; and under these rooms a fair and large cellar sunk under ground, and likewise some privy kitchens with butteries and pantries, and the like; as for the tower I would have it two stories of eighteen foot high apiece above the two wings, and a goodly leads upon the top railed with statues interposed: and the same tower to be divided into rooms as shall be

thought fit. The stairs likewise to the upper rooms, let them be upon a fair open newel and finely railed in with images of wood cast into a brass colour, and a very fair landing place at the top. But this to be, if you do not point any of the lower rooms for a dining place of servants, for otherwise you shall have the servants' dinner after your own, for the steam of it will come up as in a tunnel. And so much for the front, only I understand the height of the first stairs to be sixteen foot, which is the height of the lower room.

Beyond this front is there to be a fair court, but three sides of it of a far lower building than the front, and in all the four corners of that court fair staircases cast into turrets on the outside and not within the row of buildings themselves; but those towers are not to be of the height of the front, but rather proportionable to the lower building. Let the court not be paved, for that striketh up a great heat in summer and much cold in winter, but only some side alleys with a cross, and the quarters to graze being kept shorn, but not too near shorn. The row of return on the banquet side let it be all stately galleries, in which galleries let there be three or five fine cupolas in the length of it, placed at equal distance, and fine coloured windows of several works. On the household side, chambers of presence and ordinary entertainments, with some bed chambers, and let all three sides be a double house without thorough lights on the sides, that you may have rooms from the sun both for forenoon and afternoon. Cast it also that you may have rooms both for summer and winter, shady for summer and warm for winter. You shall have sometimes fair houses so full of glass that one cannot tell where to become to be out of the sun or cold; for inbowed windows I hold them of good use, (in cities indeed upright do better in respect of the uniformity towards the street,) for they be pretty retiring places for conference, and besides they keep both the wind and the sun off, for that which would strike almost through the room doth scarce pass the window; but let them be but few, four in in the court on the sides only.

Beyond this court let there be an inward court of the same square and height, which is to be environed with the garden on all sides; and in the inside cloistered on all sides upon decent and beautiful arches as high as the first story. On the under story towards the garden let it be turned to a grotto, or place of shade or estivation, and only have opening and windows towards the garden, and be level upon the floor no whit sunken under ground to avoid all dampishness; and let there be

a fountain or some fair work of statues in the midst of this court, and to be paved as the other court was. These buildings to be for privy lodgings on both sides, and the end for privy galleries, whereof you must foresee that one of them be for an infirmary if the prince or any special person should be sick, with chambers, bed chambers, anticamera, and recamera joining to it; this upon the second story. Upon the ground story a fair gallery open upon pillars, and upon the third story likewise an open gallery upon pillars to take the prospect and freshness of the garden. At both corners of the further side, by way of return, let there be two delicate or rich cabinets daintily paved, richly hanged, glazed with crystalline glass, and a rich cupola in the midst, and all other elegancy that may be thought upon. In the upper gallery too I wish that there may be, if the place will yield it, some fountains running in divers places from the wall, with some fine avoidances. And thus much for the model of the palace, save that you must have, before you come to the front, three courts; a green court plain with a wall about it; a second court of the same but more garnished, with little turrets, or rather embellishments, upon the wall; and a third court to make a square with the front, but not to be built nor yet enclosed with a naked wall, but enclosed with terraces leaded aloft and fairly garnished on the three sides, and cloistered on the inside with pillars and not with arches below. As for offices let them stand at distance with some low galleries to pass from them to the palace itself.

And here is the Forty-sixth, " Of Gardens,” în full :—

God Almighty first planted a garden, and indeed it is the purest of human pleasures; it is the greatest refreshment to the spirits of man, without which buildings and palaces are but gross handy-works. And a man shall ever see that when ages grow to civility and elegancy, men come to build stately sooner than to garden finely, as if gardening were the greater perfection. I do hold it in the royal ordering of gardens there ought to be gardens for all the months in the year, in which, severally, things of beauty may be then in season. For December and January and the latter part of November you must take such things as are green all winter; holly, ivy, bays, juniper, cypress trees, yew, pine-apple trees, fir trees, rosemary, lavender, periwinkle, the white, the purple, and the blue, germander, flag, orange trees, lemon trees, and myrtles

if they be stoved, and sweet marjoram warm set. There followeth for the latter part of January aud February the mazerion tree, which then blossoms; crocus vernus, both the yellow and the grey; primroses, anemones, the early tulippa, the hyacinthus orientalis, chamaïris, frittellaria. For March there come violets, specially the single blue, which are the earliest; the yellow daffodil, the daisy, the almond tree in blossom, the peach tree in blossom, the cornelian tree in blossom, sweet-briar. In April follow the double white violet, the wall-flower, the stock gilly-flower, the cowslip, flower de lice, and lilies of all natures, rosemary flowers, the tulippa, the double peony, the pale daffodil, the French honeysuckle, the cherry tree in blossom, the dammasin and plum trees in blossom, the white thorn in leaf, the lilac tree. In May and June come pinks of all sorts, especially the blush pink; roses of all kinds, except the musk, which comes later; honeysuckles, strawberries, bugloss, columbine, the French marygold, flos africanus, cherry tree in fruit, ribes, figs in fruit, rasps, vine flowers, lavender in flowers, the sweet satyrian with the white flower, herba muscaria, lilium convallium, the apple tree in blossom. In July come gilly-flowers of all varieties, musk roses, the lime tree in blossom, early pears and plums in fruit, genitings, codlins. In August come plums of all sorts in fruit, pears, apricots, barberries, filberts, musk melous, monk's hoods of all colours. In September come grapes, apples, poppies of all colours, peaches, melo-cotones, nectarines, cornelians, wardens, quinces. In October and the beginning of November come services, medlars, bullises, roses cut or removed to come late, hollyhocks, and such like. These particulars are for the climate of London, but my meaning is perceived that you may have ver perpetuum* as the place

affords.

And because the breath of flowers is far sweeter in the air, (where it comes and goes like the warbling of music,) than in the hand, therefore nothing is more fit for that delight than to know what be the flowers and plants that do best perfume the air. Roses, damask and red, are fast flowers of their smells, so that you may walk by a whole row of them and find nothing of their sweetness; yea, though it be in a morning's dew. Bays likewise yield no smell as they grow, rosemary little, nor sweet marjoram. That which above all others yields the sweetest = smell in the air is the violet, especially the white double violet

*Perpetual spring.

which comes twice a year, ahout the middle of April and about Bartholomew tide; next to that is the musk rose, then the strawberry leaves dying with a most excellent cordial smell, then the flower of the vines, it is a little dust like the dust of a bent, which grows upon the cluster in the first coming forth; then sweet-briar, then wall-flowers, which are very delightful to be set under a parlour or lower chamber window; then pinks and gilly-flowers, especially the matted pink and clove gilly-flower; then the flowers of the lime tree, then the honeysuckles, so they be somewhat afar off. Of bean flowers I speak not because they are field flowers. But those which perfume the air most delightfully, not passed by as the rest but being trodden upon and crushed, are three, that is burnet, wild thyme, and water mints; therefore you are to set whole alleys of them to have the pleasure when you walk or tread.

For gardens (speaking of those which are indeed prince-like as we have done of buildings) the contents ought not well to be under thirty acres of ground, and to be divided into three parts, a green in the entrance, a heath or desert in the going forth, and the main garden in the midst, besides alleys on both sides. And I like well that four acres of ground be assigned to the green, six to the heath, four and four to either side, and twelve to the main garden. The green hath two pleasures; the one, because nothing is more pleasant to the eye than green grass kept finely shorn; the other, because it will give you a fair alley in the midst by which you may go in front upon a stately hedge, which is to enclose the garden. But because the alley will be long and in great heat of the year or day, you ought not to buy the shade in the garden by going in the sun through the green, therefore you are of either side the green to plant a covert alley upon carpenters' work about twelve foot in height, by which you may go in shade into the garden. As for the making of knots or figures with divers coloured earths that they may lie under the windows of the house on that side which the garden stands, they be but toys, you may see as good sights many times in tarts. The garden is best to be square, encompassed on all the four sides with a stately arched hedge, the arches to be upon pillars of carpenters' work of some ten foot high and six foot broad, and the spaces between of the same dimension with the breadth of the arch. Over the arches let there be an entire hedge of some four foot high, framed also upon carpenters' work; and upon the upper hedge over every arch, a little turnet with a belly enough to receive a cage of birds; and over every space between the arches some other