are in red, though not forming even a new paragraph, as follows: 'Neemia. Verba Neemiae filii [fol. 58] Echliae Et factum est.'

Fol. 64 Expl. lib. Ezrae Incipit Sther.

Fol. 69 Finit Esther deo gratias amen Hucusque completum est uetus testamentum id est omnes canonicas scripturas quod fient libri uiginti quattuor. quas transtulit Hieronymus praesbiter De hebraica ueritate in latinum uerti sermonem. Summo studio summaque cura per diuersos codices oberrans editiones perquisiui. In unum collexi corpus et scribens transfudi fecique Pandecte. Obsecro rogo per ipsum te peto omnipotentem. quicumque hunc codicem legis pro Scriptore humillimo et peccatore orare digneris Ut manibus propriis ferat mercedem aeternam Sic Trinitas sancta tribuat.. tibi lumen aeternum ut adeptus meorum ueniam peccatorum sit mihi praemium fugisse supplicium Ceterę uero Scripturae quae non sunt canonicae sed dicuntur ecclesiasticae istae sunt id est liber ludith Tobias Libri Maccabeorum duo Sapientia quae dicitur Salomonis et Liber Hiesu Filii Sirac et Liber pa[s]toris Explicit In nomine patris et filii et sps sci Amen Incipit Liber (sic. m. p., lectio corr.) Iudith.

Fol. 75 Tobias. (Finit xiii. 2 qui effugiat manum eius.)

Fol. 78 ad calcem Explicit Tobi Iustus Incipit Maccabeorum liber primus. Fol. 88 B ad calcem congregavit rex Demetrius exer.=1 Macc. xiv. 1. The rest of the book and the whole of 2 Macc. is lost.

Fol. 89 Nouum opus facere me cogis. . . uel uicina dixerunt; Explicit Praefatio (fol. 89 B).

At the end of the letter to Damasus is a sort of wheel full of numbers, apparently some arrangement of the Canons which follow on 4 pages. There is no general preface (Plures fuisse) to the Gospels or special preface to St. Matthew (nor afterwards to the other Gospels).

Fol. 92 Capitulatio Euangelii sec. Matheum (capp. 74).

Fol. 92 B Expli. Capitulatio scd. Mattheum. Incipit Capitulacio scd. Marcum (capp. 47).

Fol. 93. 1 Expl. secundum Marcum. Incipit secundum Lucan (capp. 80).

Fol. 94 Expl. Capitl. scd. Lucam. Incip. Capitl. scd. Iohanne (capp. 36) Explicit Capitula secundum Iohannem.

Fol. 94 B Initium Euangelii secundum Mattheum. Ds fecit Adam etc.

Fol. 105 B. Euangelium secundum Mattheum explicit Incipit secundum Marcum . Mattheus instituit uirtutum tramite mores Et bene uiuendi iusto dedit ordine legis Marcus fremit ore leo similisque rudenti Intonaet eternae pandens misteria uitae. Fol. 106 Initium Euangelii Ihu xpi &c.

Fol. 113 Euangelium sec. Marcum explicit. Incipit secundum Lucan. Lucas

uberius describit proelia xpi Iure sacer uitulus quia uatum munia fatur. Qnm
quidem multi conati sunt etc.

Fol. 125 Explit Euangelim secd. Lucanum Incipit secd. Iohannem . Iohannes
amat terras intra caelumque uolare. Et uehemens aquila stricto secat omnia lapsu.
Fol. 125. 2 In principio &c. Fol. 130 B is blank.

Haec sunt Actus Apostolorum et Epistulae Catholicae VII, Iacobi I, Petri II,

Iohannis III, Iudae I, Apocalypsis Iohannis.

Fol. 147. 1 Explicit Actus Apostolorum. Incipit Epistula Iacobi prima.

Fol. 148. 2 Explicit Epistula Iacobi. Incipit Epistula Petri I.

Fol. 149 B. 1 Explicit Epistula Petri Apostoli I. Incipit eiusdem secunda.

Fol. 150 B. 1 Explicit Epistula Petri Apostoli II. Incipit Epistula Iohannis Apostoli.

Fol. 151 B. 2 Explicit Epistula Iohannis Apostoli. Incipit eiusdem II.

Incipit eiusdem III.

Incipit Epist. Iudae Apostoli.

Fol. 152. 1 Explicit Epistula Iohannis II.

Fol. 152. 1 Explicit Epis. Iohannis III.

Fol. 152 B Explicit Epistula Iudae Apostoli. Incipit Apocalypsis Iohannis Ap.

Fol. 158 B Expl. Apocalyp. Iohn. Apli. Incip. Paulus. Apls. At the top of the

next column half cut off are the words: Amen et Maranatha . | Nuper cum

pariter essemus non per epistulam ut ante consueras sed praesens ipsa

quaesisti quid ea verba quae ex hebraeo in latinum non habemus expraessa

aput suos sonarent &c.

Fol. 159. Incipit de decem nominibus Di. Explic. de decima nominibus. Incip.
de diapsal.

Fol. 159 B Explic. diapsalmate. Incipit etoemologiae nominum singulorum graece
et latine. Osee interpraetatur COZON... Zacharias. Malachias. Then a
blank column.

Fol. 160 Paulus Apostolus scripsit ad septem ecclesias legunt quidam et ad Laodicenses sed ab omnibus exploditur. Explic. praefatio Hiero. prbi. Romani sunt in parte Italiae . . . Athenis. Habet Apostolus uersus III DCCCC. LXVIIIC. In opera legis carnalia quae spitalit intellegenda sunt. Incipt. Aplm Sci Pauli. Paulus seruus Ihu xpi &c.

Fol. 164 B. 1 Explicit Epistola Pauli ad Romanos. Incipit eiusdem ad Corinthios. (Hic quaedam de populo Corinthi.) Scripta de Corintho uersos ACCCCXI. Fol. 169 Scribta de Philipis uersus ACCCLXX. Explicit ad Corintheos. Incipit ad eosdem.

Fol. 172. 2 Explicit ad Corintheos II. Incipit ad Galatas. Scribta [de] Macedonia uersus ALXX. (forte uersus AL, XX capitula).

Fol. 174. 1 Explicit ad Galatas Incipit ad Ephesios. Scribta de urbe Roma uersi CCLXIIIXC (forte: vers. CCLXIII. cap. X).

Fol. 175 B. 2 Scribta de urbe Roma uersus CCCXII Explicit ad Ephesios Incipit ad Philippenses.

Fol. 177. 1 Scribta de urbe Roma. uersi CCCL Explicit ad Philippenses Incipit ad Colosses.

Fol. 178. 1 Scribta de urbe Roma uersi CCVIII Explicit ad Colossens. Incipit ad Tessalonicenses.

Fol. 179 B. Scripta de Athenis uersi CLXIIII. Ad Thesal. Explicit I Incipit ad eosdem II.

Fol. 180. 1 Scripta de urbe Roma uersus CVIII Ad Thessalonicenses explicit secunda Incipit ad Timotheum prima.

Fol. 181 B. 1 Scribta de Lauditia uersus CCXXX. Explicit ad Timotheum prima Incipit ad eundem secunda.

Fol. 182 B. 1 Scripta a Roma uersus CLXXII Explicit ad Timotheum Incipit ad Titum.

Fol. 183. 1 Scripta de Nicopolin uersus LXVII. Explicit ad Titum. Incipit ad Philemonem.

Fol. 183. 2 Scribta de urbe Roma uersus XXXIIII Expl. ad Phylemonem Incip. ad Hebreos. Epistulae Apostoli XIII ad Romanos usque ad Philemonem numerum uersus conputantur ab Hierosolyma usque Illirycum et per toto orbe uersus V milia. Multifariam et multis modis etc.

Fol. 187 Scribta de Roma uersus DCC. Expl. ad Hebreos Lege cum pace. Bibliotheca Hieronimi prsb. Bethleem secundum grecum ex emendatis mis (= emendatissimis?) exemplaribus conlatus. Incipit Liber Pastoris; Liber Pastoris nuntii penitentię. mandata similitudines eius. in quibus apparuit et locutus est Ermae . cui etiam in principio apparuit ecclesia in uariis figuris; Sunt ergo uisiones

ecclesiae numero IIII. Pastoris nuntii penitentiae uisiones num . I . mandata eiusdem num. XII. Similitudines ipsius num. X. Qui enutrierat me uendidit quandam puellam Romae etc.

Fol. 189 B ad calcem. . audi nunc effectus earum prima quidem earum | Cetera desunt.

§ 5. History. The first question which presents itself concerns the name of the scribe which appears to be contained in the monograms on fol. 134 at the end of the gospels. For the second of these we may probably accept the suggestion of M. Henry Omont of the National Library at Paris and read Notarius. My own conjectural reading of the name itself is Rathbold, which I find in Teutonic name-lists in the forms Ratbold, Ratbaldus, and Ruadpald, and which seems to be identical etymologically, or at least sometimes interchangeable, with Rathbod, Ratbod or Radbod. A 'Ratbaldus monachus S. Petri Melundis' appears in the list of the confraternity of persons from different places affiliated to St. Gall about the ninth century1, and Bishops named Radbod are not uncommon in the same period.

I had at one time thought of Raphael, but that is a name apparently unknown in Gaul, at least at this date, and (what is more important) does not exhaust the letters which seem to make up the monogram. It omits what appears to be a T, visible inside the lower half of the A, and reads as E what high authorities assert to be a B looking backwards. I had also thought of Lothere, but it too must be rejected for the last of the abovementioned reasons, and the letter L is hardly prominent enough to be the first of the name. For if there is any rule that can be laid down on the subject of that most important of all letters to the decipherer, namely the initial, it is that it should be one of the most striking in its position in the monogram: but even this is disputed. Nor must I conceal the fact that Dr. W. Wattenbach (who has kindly favoured me with a note)

1 Goldastus, Rerum Alamannicarum Scriptores, vol. ii. p. 155, the list in which Athelstan and a number of English names are found. 'Melundis' is perhaps here rather Melodunum (Melun) than Melundense monasterium (Molesme in Yonne), which was St. Michael's or St. Martin's, not St. Peter's. The other forms are in the same lists, to which Dr. Stubbs has called my attention, especially pp. 106 and 118. See also A. F. Pott, Personen-namen, p. 234, 1. 2, Leipzig, 1853. Radbod is the name not only of a Frisian king who refused to be baptized, but of bishops of Utrecht, Treves, Noyon, and elsewhere. The one nearest the supposed date of our MS. was 67th Bishop or Archbishop of Treves in 880, and had been before Abbat of Epternach.

disbelieves in the existence of an L at all in the name. Consequently he prefers to conjecture Ratboth, which is another variety of my Rathbold or Rathbod, and may perhaps be preferable to it.

All authorities agree in the great difficulty of interpreting such monograms with any certainty, and it is clear that a much larger collection of them than at present exists in the standard books of paleography is a real desideratum. I venture to commend the subject to any young scholar who is in search of a useful field for the exercise of his ingenuity and patience 1.

Failing the identification of the name we naturally turn to the language of the subscriptions for evidence of style bearing upon the date of the MS. The remarkable paragraph at the end of Esther contains an unique account of the method of an early editor of the Bible: 'Summo studio summaque cura per diversos codices oberrans editiones perquisiui. In unum collexi corpus et scribens transfudi fecique Pandecten.' These words may be compared with the sentences at the close of the New Testament (f. 187), 'Bibliotheca Hieronimi presb. Bethleem secundum Grecum ex emendatis mis (emendatissimis?) exemplaribus conlatus.' Here the words 'editiones perquisiui' may merely refer to the editions before Jerome and those of Jerome himself, including the different versions of Job and the Psalter, on which see below p. xix, note. They may also perhaps include the revisions of Alcuin and Theodulfus-as we can hardly suppose such a work undertaken before the age of Charlemagne. The words 'Pandectes' and 'Bibliotheca' taken together more decidedly suggest that our scribe belonged to the time of Alcuin. 'Pandectes' was indeed used for a Corpus Bibliorum or complete Bible as early as Bede (see his History of the Abbats of Wearmouth, ch. 15). But Alcuin particularly insisted upon it and brought it into vogue, and soon after his time it appears to have gone out of use. He thus writes,

in the verses at the end of the Vallicellian Bible at Rome:

1 The only full plates of monograms with which I am acquainted are in Du Cange, and contain merely the names of popes and royal personages of rather a late date. The new edition ought to have at least one plate of monograms of earlier date, including private and inferior persons. The ancient Churches of Rome and Ravenna would yield a good many examples. On this part of the subject there is nothing of any value in Mabillon or in the Nouveau Traité de Diplomatique. A few hints may be found in Migne's Encyclopédie Théologique, tom. 47, which deals with Paleography. Monograms of the Apostles &c. may be found in Goldastus, 1. c.