have doubled. They now make 3,000,000 feet of polished plate glass annually, equal to 5,500 tons, valued at £450,000. The produce of the little kingdom of Belgium, the greatest glass producing country in the world, is 50,000,000 feet of sheet glass annually, equal to 22,300 tons, or 25 per cent more than is made in England, of both crown and sheet glass. They export of this quantity 85 per cent, of which 6 per cent comes to England, and they retain 15 per cent for home consumption. England retains 85 per cent of its produce for home consumption, and exports 15 per cent, being about double what she imports. The Chemical works of the county, though of comparatively modern introduction, hold a distinguished position among the manufactories of the north ; and we may form some notion of the extent and variety of the marvellous transmutations which are taking place within them, from the number of lofty chimneys whose summits are observable in every direction. These establishments produce soda, potash, sulphuric, muriatic, and nitric acids; chlorine, chloride of lime, alum, red lead, &c., in great quantities. Some of these establishments are beautiful examples of scientific system, and present many striking features. To enter into a description of all the branches of industry pursued in this county would indeed be a Herculean task. We will only add, that, besides the manufactories just mentioned, there are oil mills, where oil is obtained, by pressure, from linseed, hempseed, and rapeseed, -turpentine works, where the rough substances, black and yellow resin, and the transparent oil of turpentine, are obtained by the distillation of the viscid turpentine which exudes from fir trees, -starch works, where starch is obtained from flour; also soap works, sail-cloth factories, linen-yaru factories, and paper mills. All require furnaces for carrying on operations, and the abundant supply of coal in this district furnishes, as we have before remarked, a strong inducement to this localisation. Shipping and shipbuilding are carried on extensively, and will be found fully noticed in the accounts of Sunderland, Shields, Stockton, and Hartlepool. GOVERNMENT, &c. Durham has usually been called "the bishopric," on account of the great powers formerly possessed by the bishop of the diocese, who is said to have exercised all the authority in this county that the king exercised elsewhere. The rise and progress of the palatine power have been described in the detail of historical events. Several of the English monarchs aimed at its diminution; but the most decisive blow at its integrity was struck by Henry VIII., by whom the regal powers of the bishops were materially diminished. Still the remaining privileges of the palatinate were very considerable. The bishop, as count palatine, acted as lord lieutenant and custos rotulorum of the county, and had the appointment of the high heriff and all the magistrates and officers of justice. His sheriff was not obliged, like other sheriffs, to account to the exchequer, but made up his audit to him alone. He was also perpetual chancellor and justice of the peace in his own territories; all dues, amercements, and forfeited recognisances, as well as deodands, belonged to him. All tenures of land originated from him, as lord paramount in chief; all enclosed wastes, to which no title could be made, escheated to him; and the admiralty jurisdiction of the county, and the conservancy of all the waters within the same, were also vested in him. Even when judgment of blood was given, he might sit, attired in his purple robes, though the ecclesiastical canons forbid any clergyman to be present on such an occasion. He was also a temporal prince, being Earl of Sadberge, which he held by barony. Little variation occurred in the exercise of the privileges just described, except during the period of the Commonwealth, until the year 1836, when, by the Act 6 and 7 William IV. c. 19, the regal powers vested in the Bishop of Durham were transferred to the sovereign, "as a franchise and royalty separate from the crown;" and hence her Majesty the Queen is now Countess Palatine of Durham. The office of lord lieutenant and custos rotulorum are at present held under the crown by the Right Hon. the Earl of Durham. The high sheriff of the county is now nominated annually by the sovereign, in the same manner as those of other counties. The jurisdiction of the bishop is therefore purely ecclesiastical; though the manorial rights attached to the demesnes of the see are still considerable. Previous to the Reform Act, Durham sent to Parliament two members for the county, and two for the city; but now it sends four for the county (two for each division), two for the city, two for Sunderland, and one each for Gateshead and South Shields. The place of election for the northern division, which includes the old wards of Chester and Easington, is the city of Durham; and the polling places are Durham, Sunderland, Lanchester, Whickham, Chester-le-Street, and South Shields. The place of election for the southern division, which includes the old wards of Darlington and Stockton, is Darlington; at which, and at Stockton, Sedgefield, Bishop Auckland, Stanhope, Barnard Castle, and Middleton in Teesdale, are polling places. The county is in the northern circuit, and has at Durham its assizes and quarter sessions, its county gaol, and house of correction. For an account of the various courts of the county, see the city of Durham, where they will be found fully described. COUNTY INCOME AND EXPENDITURE. -In 1854, the receipts, including a balance of £1,406 4s. 9d. from the previous year, amounted to £16,828 3s. 5d. From four successive rates amounting to 2d. in the pound, £9,565 17s. 7d. was raised. £3,751 10s. 11d. was received from the lords of the treasury for conveying convicts, and the cost of criminal prosecutions at the sessions and assizes; and £1,013 3s. 6d. for the maintenance, &c., of prisoners. Fines produced £582 9s. 104d.; and £28 9s. 6d. was received from the inspectors of weights and measures. £361 15s. 1d. was received from the governor of the gaol for carpets, &c.; and the residue of the county income was derived from various rents, and from incidental sources. The expenditure of the same year was £16,296 14s. 1d., of which the following are the principal items: For repairs of bridges, £289 11s. 9d.; for bridges per contract, £849 16s.; for prosecutions, £4,130 18s. 8d.; for apprehensions, £559 9s. 4d.; for conveying convicts, £57 1s. 7d.; for maintenance, £2,338 1s. 4d.; for materials for gaol, £610 2s. 6d.; for salaries, £1,969 11s. 9d.; for police expenses, £311 17s. 8d.; for weights and measures, £56 28. 11d.; for advertising, £234 5s. 4d.; for law officers, £773 16s. 6d.; for clothing, £394 158. 2d.; for new work at gaol, £144 Os. 7d.; for new county rate, £50 16s 6d.; for courts, £55 58. 2d.; for lunatic asylums, £723 3s. 6d.; for coroners, £1,852 193. 6d.; and for miscellaneous charges, £894 18s, 4d. COUNTY CONSTABULARY, &c. For police purposes the county has been divided into seven divisions, each under a superintendent; and these divisions have been still further subdivided into sections, for better supervision and organisation. The divisions are Bishop Auckland, Chester-le-Street, Dar lington, Easington, Lanchester, Barnard Castle, and Durham; the chief constable and the head officers being at the latter place. Police stations have been provided, or are in course of erection, at Bishop Auckland, Gateshead, Houghton-le-Spring, and other principal places, for holding petty sessions throughout the county; also lock-up cells, with accommodations for resident constables attached, at various other detached stations where most required. Petty sessions are held as follows at the following places: Durham, Darlington, Gateshead, South Shields, and Sunderland, weekly; Bishop Auckland, Houghton-le-Spring, Hartlepool, Lanchester, Shotley Bridge, Stockton, and Staindrop, fortnightly; Barnard Castle, Chester-le-Street, Castle Eden, Stanhope, and Wolsingham, monthly; Hetton-le-Hole and Seaham Harbour, irregularly. The total expenditure for the constabulary force of the county, for the year 1854, was £8,920 5s. 8d., from which we must deduct the sum of £1,586 18s. 5td., received on their account for various services, leaving the net cost of the force for the year at £7,333 7s. 24d. ECCLESIASTICAL POLITY. For ecclesiastical purposes this county forins part of the diocese of Durham, which comprises the whole of the counties of Durham and Northumberland, and, until lately, the parish of Alston in Cumberland, and the peculiars of Allertonshire and Howdenshire, in Yorkshire. It forms one archdeaconry, that of Durham, which is divided into the deaneries of Chester, Darlington, Easington, and Stockton, and contains 128 benefices. At the period of the census, in 1851, this county contained 621 places of worship, of which 169 belonged to the Established Church, 20 to the Roman Catholics, 14 to the Scottish Presbyterians, 25 to the Independents, 21 to the Baptists, 351 to the Wesleyan Methodists, and 21 to other denominations. Of the 181,832 sittings furnished by the various religious bodies, the Church of England supplied 68,958, the Roman Catholics 4,816, the Scottish Presbyterians 6,550, the Independents 9,397, the Baptists 5,797, the Wesleyan Methodists 81,501, and the other denominations 4,813. CHARITIES.-Charitable institutions and bequests are as numerous in this county as in any part of the kingdom, both for the relief and education of the poor. They are in almost every town and parish of the county, as will be seen in the histories of the towns and parishes, where we have given brief but explicit accounts and descriptions of the Public Institutions, Alms-houses, and Benefactions of each place; in which task we have availed ourselves of the Reports of the Commissioners deputed by Parliament to Inquire into the State and Appropriation of Public Charities in, England. This commission owed its existence to that indefatigable lawyer and senator. Henry Brougham, now Lord Brougham and Vaux, who doubtless intended it to have been conducted in a more effective and less expensive manner, similar to those which had been instituted for the same purpose in several previous reigns. It commenced operations in 1817, and did not finish till 1835. The reports comprise thirty-six large folio volumes, published for the use of Parliament and the public libraries. The spirit of all that relates to this county has been transferred to this work, together with the substance of the last year's reports, published by the trustees and managers of the other institutions and charities which afford such publicity of their receipts and expenditure. There are, however, some which, from their general character, require to be separately noticed, and of which we subjoin Mr. Fordyce's able summary:- "Lord Crewe's Charities. - Nathaniel Lord Crewe, Bishop of Durham, by his will, dated June 24th, 1720, devised unto the Hon. John Montague, D.D. Dean of Durham; the Rev. John Dolben, D.D., Prebendary of Durham; the Rev. John Morley, D.D., Rector of Lincoln College, Oxford; the Rev. William Lupton, D.D., and the Rev. Thomas Eden, LL.D., Prebendaries of Durham, and their heirs and assigns, his manors of Bambrough and Blanchland, with their appurtenances, and also the advowsons of the churches of Bambrough and Shotley, together with all his manors, advowsons, buildings, mills, mines, quarries, lands, fisheries, tithes, &c., &c., within the parishes or territories of Bambrough, Blanchland, Thornton, North Sunderland, Shorestone, Heatham, Bradnell, Berwick, Burton, Newham, Bradford, Fryars-Lucker, Warrenford, Mousen, Warrenton, Tuggle, Budle, Shildon, Haddery-burn, Shotley, Westhaugh-head, Easthaugh-head, Easthaugh-foot, Edmond-hill, Hunstanworth, Holy Island, and Norham, which he had lately purchased, in the counties of Northumberland and Durham, and were of the yearly value of £1,312 13s., upon such trust as he should thereinafter direct. He also ordained that the residue of the rents of the before-mentioned lands should be for ever applied and disposed by his said trustees to such charitable uses as they should appoint, but not to be appropriated for the augmentation of any of the gifts, charities, or benefactions given by him to the University of Oxford, Lincoln College, or the city of Durham. That the aforesaid manors, &c., might be for ever conveyed and assured for the uses and under the trust as appointed by his will, he directed, that when one or two of the trustees should die, then the survivors should, within three months, elect one or more clergymen to be trustee or trustees, so as never to exceed five in number; the Rector of Lincoln College for ever to be one. Under these regulations successive trustees have been appointed, and conveyances effected; the present trustees being the Ven. Charles Thorpe, Archdeacon of Durham; the Rev. J. Thompson, D.D., Rector of Lincoln College, Oxford; the Rev. W. N. Darnell, Rector of Stanhope; the Rev. H. G. Liddell, Rector of Easington; and the Rev. J. D. Clark, Belford. "The following are the annual payments specifically provided for by Lord Crewe's will, and paid up at the date of the Charity Commissioners' Report, viz.: To 12 exhibitioners of Lincoln College, Oxford (under-graduates), .. To the incumbent of Bambrough church .. To the incumbent of St. Andrew Auckland .. .. .. .. .. .. For the augmentation of 12 poor livings in the diocese of Durham, .. To the ministers of the four livings belonging to Lincoln College, .. To make up the sum of £10 each to eight poor scholars of Trap .. £210 0 0 4000 3000 110 0 0 24 6 8 2000 150 0 0 To eight almspeople in Bishop Cosin's almshouses in Durham, 40s. each, and to the nurse an additional payment of 20s. 1700 .. To four almspeople in Bishop Cosin's almshouse at Bishop Auck- .. 1600 : To six almswomen in Brackley, and two in Hinton, Northampt'nsh. forthe relief of widows and orphans of poor clergymen deceased 1000 To the trustees of a school at Daventry, Northamptonshire "The will further informs us that the Lady Stawell had a rent-charge of £350 per annum arising out of the bishop's manors and lands, and directs that, after her decease, £200 yearly should be paid to the chancellor, masters, and scholars of the University of Oxford, for such purposes as they should appoint; £100 yearly to the mayor and aldermen of the city of Durham, to be applied by them in placing out as apprentices such poor children of that city as they shall direct; £20 yearly to a schoolmaster at Bishop Auckland (now paid to the master of the Barrington School), for teaching 30 poor boys of that town gratis; and £30 yearly (now doubled) for clothing such 30 poor boys, and who have hence been designated blue coat boys.' "Dr. Sharp's Gift.-The Rev. John Sharp, D.D., Perpetual Curate of Bambrough, and appointed a trustee of Lord Crewe's charities in 1758, by a deed of bargain and sale (enrolled in the Court of Chancery), bearing date Nov. 18, 1788, gave certain messuages and lands in Bambrough to the trustees, for the support and reparation of the great tower of Bambrough Castle. By will, dated April 17, 1792, the same gentleman bequeathed £1,261 6s. 94d. for the purchase of land or stock for the perpetual repairs of the said tower. The testator, in his lifetime, having applied £365 15s., part of this sum, in the purchase of land, the remaining £895 11s. 94d. was, on March 23, 1797, applied in the purchase of £1,756 1s. 2d. three-per-cent consols, which was assigned to the trustees of the charity. The total income applicable to the purposes declared in the will of Lord Crewe was, according to the Charity Commissioners' Report, Rental of the estates in Bambrough and Norham.. Do. do. .. .... .. Paid by tenants at Bambrough, in lieu of services they are bound Dividends on stock .. .. .. .. .. £5,495 17 5 8300 253 9 4 £8,126 8 8 "The property derived from Dr. Sharp produced £40 17s. in rents, and £69 from stock in the three-per-cent consols. After the payment of the various items specified in Lord Crewe's will, and other necessary outgoings, the residue of the income is applied for such charitable purposes as the trustees for the time being think most beneficial, but more particularly for such as occur within the diocese of Durham. To carry out those objects, it was found necessary that one or more of the trustees should reside at Bambrough Castle; and in January, 1794, a resolution was passed, ordering that every trustee should be allowed £4 4s. for every journey between Bambrough and Durham, and so in proportion for any greater or less distance, on the business of the trust; and that when any trustee should keep house at the castle, he should be allowed 10s. per day (the same sum only to be allowed when there should be two or more trustees,) towards such contingent expenses of hospitality as should arise. The cost of housekeeping at the castle is defrayed by each trustee, except so far as he may be supplied with milk from the farm, rabbits from the sandhills, fruit and vegetables from the garden, and coals from the charity-estate. "One of the purposes to which the charity has been directed by the trustees is the augmentation of small livings. The annual payment under this head, according to the Commissioners' report, was £293 6s. 8d. In contributions |